158 



GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY 



PART II 



^^^ 



aspect in the bird. The humerus is a cylindric bone, straightish or 

 somewhat italic-/-shaped, with a globular head to fit the socket of 

 the shoulder, a strong pectoral ridge for insertion of the breast 

 muscles, and at the bottom two condyles (Fig. 28, re, uc) or joint- 

 surfaces for articulation with a pair 

 of succeeding bones. The forearm, 

 cubit or antehrachium, extending from 

 elbow to wrist, B to 0, in Fig. 27, 

 has two parallel bones of about 

 equal lengths. These are the uhm, 

 ul, and the radius, rd ; the former, 

 inner and posterior, the larger of 

 the two, bearing the quills of the 

 secondary series ; the latter, slen- 

 derer, outer, and anterior. The 

 enlarged proximal extremity of the 

 ulna is called the olecranon, or, 

 "head of the elbow." The third 

 segment of the wing is the wrist or 

 carpus. In adult life, this normally 

 consists of two little knobby carpal 

 bones, extremely irregular in shape, 

 called the scapliolunare, sc, and cunei- 

 fornie, cu. One being at the end of 

 the radius, the other at that of the 

 ulna, they are also called radiale 

 Fig. 29, from a young cock-of-the-piains ^nd uhiarc. In the embryo there 

 (CejifrocerciK wopAMMTiMs, six months old) jg at least One Other carpal bone, 



IS designed to snow the composition of the ^ i j- • i i 



carpus and metacarpus before the elements that early fuses With the next 



of these hones fuse together ; r, radius : u, , n ■ i • i j i 



ulna ; s, soaphoiunar or radiale ; c, eunei- Segment, and m many birds there 



form or ulnare ; om, a carpal bone believed „«„ apvprfll tuch TVik fniirth «P0-- 

 to be OS magnum, later fusing with the '^'■^ several SUCn. ±nis lOUrm Seg 



metacarpus ; z, a carpal bone, supposed to ment is the hand proper, or meta- 



be unciform, later fusing with metacarpus ; „ tt / i • f i 



S, an unidentified fifth carpal bone, which CarpUS, mc, U tO A (eXCluSIVe ot a 



may be called «e7i(os(eon, later fusing with o\ TU^ ,,4-««l„ , 4. 1 ««l,««J 



the metacarpus ; 7, radW or outer meta- ■^)- J-he Single metacarpal Or hand- 

 carpal bone bearing the poiiex or outer bone is verv Composite ; that is, 



digit, consisting of two phalanges, £Z and fc; -^ " ' . ' 



9', principal (median) metacarpal bone, Compounded of Several : f or, besides 



bearing the middle finger, consisting of the .-,■,. , . , , . 



two phalanges, d', d"; 9, inner or ulnar including Certain Carpal elements, 



metacarpal, bearing a digit ot one phalanx, „„ olpparlv sm'rl it ^nnoiota nf tlirpp 



d'". The pieces marked om, z, 7, 8, 9, all ^® aireaay saio. It consists 01 inree 

 fuse with 9' to form the single compound boncs fused (in all recent birds) in 



metacarpal bone marked mc m Fig. 27. ^ ,. . ,' 



(From nature, by Dr. R. w. shufeidt, One, Corresponding to the three 

 ■ "^'' digits or fingers that birds possess. 



In fact it is three metacarpals in one. The metacarpal corre- 

 sponding to the principal finger is much the largest of the 

 three ; that of the first finger is very short, being only the 

 expanded part seen in the figure, just above the bone marked 



