THE 3PE0IAL-Cl!EATION-HYI'O'nU!SlS. 341 



by the strong. How is this to be explained ? How happens 

 it that animals were so designed as to render this bloodshed 

 necessary ? How happens it that in almost every species, the 

 number of individuals annually born is such that the ma- 

 jority die of starvation or by violence before arriving at ma- 

 turity? Whoever contends that each kind of animal was 

 specially designed, must assert either that there was a deli- 

 berate intention on the part of the Creator to produce those 

 results, or that there was an inability to prevent them. 

 Which alternative does he prefer ? To cast an imputation on 

 the divine character, or assert a limitation of the divine 

 power ? It is useless for him to plead that the destruction of 

 the less powerful by the more powerful, is a means of pre- 

 venting the miseries of decrepitude and incapacity, and 

 therefore works beneficently. For even were the chief mor- 

 tality aniong the aged instead of among the young, there 

 would still arise the unanswerable qiiestion — why were not 

 animals constructed in such ways as to avoid these evils ? 

 why were not their rates of multiplication, their degrees of 

 intelligence, and their propensities, so adjusted that these 

 sufferings might be escaped ? And if decline of vigour was 

 a necessary accompaniment of age, why was it not provided 

 that the organic actions should end in sudden death, when- 

 ever they fell below the level required for pleasurable exist- 

 ence ? Will any one who contends that organisms were 

 specially designed, assert that they coidd not have been 

 desig-ned so as to prevent suffering ? And if he admits that 

 they could have been made so as to prevent suffering, will 

 he assert that the Creator preferred so making them as to 

 inflict suffering ? 



Even as thus presented, the difficulty is sufficiently great, ; 

 but it appears immensely greater when we examine the facts 

 more closely. So long as we contemplate only the preying 

 of the superior on the inferior, some good appears to be 

 extracted from the evil — a certain amount of life of a higher 

 «)rder, is supported by sacrificing a great deal of life cf a 



