INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. 205 



6. Jamu. 



Uuder tMs name we include the lower part of the Chenab 

 valley^ to the plains of the Panjab, Banahal on the southern 

 slopes of the chain bounding Kashmir on the souths Badarwar 

 on the confines of Chamba to the east ; whilst to the north, 

 this province passes into that of Kishtwar, which may be said 

 to commence where the course of the Chenab changes from 

 north-west to south-west. Though probably dififering little 

 in physical features from Chamba on the east, it is known 

 much better, from having been traversed in several directions 

 by botanists. 



The bounding mountains of Jamu attain an average ele- 

 vation of 12-14,000 feet ; the Banahal Pass to Kashmir is 

 10,000 feet ; that of Padri into Chamba has already been 

 given as 11,000 feet ; the bed of the Chenab is a little above 

 1000 feet near Jamu, and that town itself is 1500 feet. 



The outer ranges of sandstone hills rise gradually from the 

 plains of the Panjab (elevated 1000 feet), and are covered with 

 a loose scrub of tropical, dry country, both eastern and western 

 forms, as Dodoruea, Rcettlera, Rondeletia, Phmnix sylvestris, 

 Pinus longifolia, Solanum Jacquini, Sissoo, Celastrus, Zizyphus, 

 Mango and Pepul, Cassia Fistula, Rhus, Salix tetrasperma, 

 Coriaria, Bauhinia Vahlii, Euphorbia pentagona, Cocculus 

 laurifolius. In the temperate region, the prevalent Hima- 

 layan forms of Simla appear in much reduced numbers, with 

 Fothergilla, Quercus incana, Andromeda ovalifolia, Rhododen- 

 dron campanulatum, and Sabia campanulata. Besides these, 

 Quercus dilatata, Q. semecarpifolia, and Rhododendron ai-bo- 

 reum, which hardly occur further west and do not enter Kash- 

 mir, are all found in Jamu. 



Of plants which probably do not occur much, if at aU, fur- 

 ther west than the Jamu hills, are — 



Rhododendron cmtpanulatum. Phoenix sylvestris. 



„ arhoreum. Prinsepia iitilis. 



Gualthcria tricliophyUa. 'BAxhus flams. 



