INTRODUOTOKY ESSAY. 213 



tioned at page 109, give an eminently European cast to the 

 whole vegetation. 



In the Kashmir lakes many European forms of water-plants 

 occur, which, from the absence of similar expanses in the tem- 

 perate regions of the Himalaya, are rare or unknown else- 

 where ; such are NympJuea alba, already mentioned, Villarsia 

 nymphceoides, Menyanthes trifoliata, and Trapa, besides Typha, 

 Arundo, and various Potamogetons, Slum angustifolium, several 

 European Menthas, etc. 



12. Marri. 



The Marri range, on the right bank of the Jelam, overhang- 

 ing the platform of Rawal Pindi, is a narrow ridge separating 

 two deep river-valleys, whose vegetation is quite tropical. On 

 its plainward slope it produces ordinary Himalayan forms 

 {Rhododendron arboreum, etc.), but the vegetation soon be- 

 comes like that of the hills of Kashmir. 



The m.ountains of Marri properly consist of the western 

 termination of the Himalaya (according to our definition of 

 that chain), which sweeps round the north of Kashmir, and 

 following the course of the Indus, turns to the southward, 

 descending gradually into the plains of the Panjab, its most 

 southern slopes forming the Salt range described at page 156. 



Our only knowledge of the plants of Marri is derived from 

 a very valuable collection made by Dr. Fleming, who ascended 

 the ranges to 9700 feet. European forms abound in even a 

 greater proportion than in Kashmir, and many Himalayan 

 plants find there their extreme western limit ; such are — 



Berberis Lyciuin. Eosa inacrophylla. 



Delphinium saniculmforine. Eubus lasiocarpus. 

 Quercus annulata. „ niveus. 



„ dilatata. Potentilla LescTienaultianu. 



„ incana. „ Nipalensis. 



Pyrus haccata. Spirsea callosa. 



Cotoueaster hacillaris. MaoliUus odoratissimus. 



The valley of Ilasora, north-west of Kashmir, is still more 



