is. 
the bolts sheuld be set into the bark (Figs. 24 and. 25) 
and the wounds treated as for other outs, so that they 
soon heal over. In no case should these bolte be used 
without cables above to retard the strain of the branches, 
for many trees have broken off at the point where the bolt 
passed through them. Neither should bande be used to 
hold a weak crotch for the increase in size soon cuts 
these into the bark and the roots are starved, since the 
descending sap is retarded, or cut off altozether (Fig. 
26). 
SCRAPING. 
The bark of old neglected orcharde ig often very 
rough and covered with lichens and moas. This rough 
covering acts as a hiding place for innumerable insect 
pests and egg masses, and should be removed, using care 
not to scrape into living layers. Any exposed or broken 
places in the bark will lay the tree open to an attack 
of any one of the numerous fungous diseases and rote 
which destroy the life of the apple. 
We would only advocate scraping when the trunk be- 
comes very scabby, or in some varieties only in the first 
treatment of renovation, Trees in a good healthy condi- 
tion may do just as well without it,, and in fact many 
growere are atrongly against the practice. 
