8. 
PRUNING, 
The two principal pninte to be kent in mind in the 
pruning of a nesvlected orchard are: 
(1) To keep the trees low en that they may be handled 
economically. 
(2) To open up the head ep that air and light can get 
into the center of the tree, to give greater bearing sur- 
Pace. 
Crowding has developed the trees wpward and some of 
the branches are 9° tall that the’ oan never be properly 
eprayed, and the fruit can only be secured by shaking it 
eft. Sunh large treee should have the upright branches 
removed, making a slanting out very near a side branch, 
(Figa, 3 and 4.) In veorv old trere the tope mav be 
lowered ten or fifteen feet in this way with advantage. 
Tn opening up the head, care must be taken not to overdo 
the work, There is danger from sun-ecald, where large 
lateral limbs are left entirely exposed, In removing 
lateral branches, prune out only those that interfere 
or are badly diseased. Never cut a large, healthy limb 
from the lower part of the tree, unless there is an over 
crowding. Where the trees have been headed very high, 
lower branches mav be developed bv saving some of the water 
sprouts which form on the trunk, These will be forced 
ints rapid crowth by the removal of the top of the tree. 
In a few years a new head may be built out in this way, 
