5. 
it would appear useless to spend money or time in an at- 
tampt to bring the orchard up again. Where. the trees 
are of poor varieties and lees than 60 per cent stand, 
it would certainly be better to remove them altogether and 
etart a young orchard. 
We would only discuss, then, the profitable renova- 
tion of orchards which are fairly sound at the heart, of 
standard varieties and located in sections where orchard 
heating is not required, The important factors of this 
treatment are siven in the headings which follow. 
REMOVING SURPT.US TREES, 
It was oommon in the older orcharde to crowd the 
trees, and where they were not thinned out in time, most 
of the pruning was done by removing the lower branches. 
(Pig. 1 and 2) This practice has developed a type of 
tall, slender trees, which are difficult to ever reduce 
to the ideal form again. In any case, however, if we 
are gcing to bring the orchard back to profitable bearing, 
the surplus trees met be removed, eo that the ends of 
the branches of those remaining do not touch, In this 
thinning procees, it is beet to first make a chart of the 
orchard upon which can be carefully indiceted the coondi- 
tion of each tree. In this way, by removing the diagonal 
rows that contain the moet poor trees and skips, the maxi- 
mum number of good trees is left. Though it is with 
