Se 
ties, many of which are of low commercial value. If we 
are growing apples on a commercial basis, it becomes neces~ 
sary to have a few select varieties, and it is best to 
have these in blocks in eo far as pollination will per- 
mite No attempt will be made to indicate here what 
varieties are best to select, for thie matter has been 
worked out carefully for the several sectione of the State 
by Hedriok and othere (1906) in Geneva Bulletin 275. 
Renovation by top-working old trees is a slow process and 
hardly practical where most of the trees are of poor varie- 
ties. Of scourge, here and there an inferior tree may 
be worked over with profit, because of the difficulty of 
starting a new one in ite place. 
Many of the -ld ne lected trees appear to have lost 
the bearing habit, as a result of a starved condition, 
In many cases the ei] has been packed down hard about 
the roots for years, and the tops are a thicket of 
branches, excluding air and light. Even in cases where 
plossoms develop, the fruit may fail to set on these trees, 
Thero are several causes which may “nip the fruit in 
the bud", but chief among these are insects and frost. 
The bud moth is common in every neglected orchard. The 
tiny larvae winter over on the bark, the caterpillars 
eating their way into the buds, just when they are opening. 
The flowers may expand in profusion, giving promise of a 
full crop, but the larvae eating at the heart of the bud 
