16 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 



drones and queens. According to Girard, these upper glands 

 were discovered by Meelvel in 1846. Tliey are very large and 

 dilated in the young worker bees, while they act as nurses, 

 but are slim in the bees of a broodless colony. In the 

 old bees, that no longer nurse the brood, they wither 

 more and more, till they become shrunken and seemingly 

 dried. Hence Maurice Girard, and others before him, have 

 concluded very rationally that these upper glands produce 

 the milky food given to the larvae, during the first days of 

 their development. Mr. Cheshire has confirmed the very 

 reasonable theory that the queen, during the time of egg- 

 laying, is fed by the workers from the secretions of this gland. 





6> 



Fig. 6. 

 LONGITUDINAL SECTION THEOOGH HEAD OF WOHKEK. 

 (Jlagnifled U times . From Cheshire . ) 

 a, antenua, with three muscles attached to mcp, meso-cephalic pillar; 

 c', clypeus; Ihr, labrtim or upper lip; No. 1, upper salivary or chyle glaud 

 (this glaud reaUy runs iu front of the meso-cephalic pillars, but here the 

 latter are kept in Tie"vv) ; o, opening of same in the mouth; oc , ocellus or 

 simple eye; c-g, cephalic gangUou, or hrain system; «, neck; th^ thorax; 

 OS, oesophagus or gullet; .sd 2, 3, salivary ducts of glands two and three; 

 sr , salivary valve ; p/i , pharynx \ lb, labium or lower lip , with its parts sepa- 

 rated for display; mt, mentum or chin; hio, mouth; mx, maxilla; Ip, 

 labial palpi; /, ligula or tongue; h, boutou. 



40. " The queen at certain periods has the power of produ- 

 cing between 2,000 and 3,000 eggs daily (98). A careful calcula- 

 tion shows that 90,000 of these would occupy a cubic inch and 



