158 THE BEE-HIVES. 



was first discarded, and replaced by a board, making the 

 liive more simple and cheaper. The glass in the rear is of 

 no use, in practical bee-keeping, and for experimenting, the 

 observing hives such as described (375), with only one 

 comb, and both sides of glass, are to be preferred (fig. 80). 



331. The movable honey-board, between the brood- 

 chamber and the upper stories, has been also discarded of 

 late years, the great objection to honey-boards being that 

 the bees glue them, and build small pieces of comb or 

 bridges, in the space between them and the frames ; the jar 

 of their breaking, when the honey-board is removed, anger- 

 ing the bees. 



332. The permanent bottom-board has lost favor with the 

 great majority of bee-keepers, 

 and is now replaced by mov- 

 able bottom-boards adjustable 

 at will. The Van Deusen hive- 

 clamp (fig. 64), is used by 

 many Apiarists for fastening 



^s- 64. movable bottoms or additional 



VAN DEUSBN CLAMP. . . -ttt x. j- j j ii. 



stones. We have discarded the 

 permanent bottom-board, owing to the difficulty of prompt- 

 ly cleaning it of dead bees and rubbish, when removing bees 

 from the cellar in Spring, or after a hard winter passed out 

 of doors. 



333. In the ventilation of the hive, we should endeavor, as 

 far as possible, to meet the necessities of the bees, under all ■ 

 the varying circumstances to which they are exposed in our 

 uncertain climate, whose severe extremes of temperature 

 forcibly impress upon the bee-keeper, the maxim of Virgil, 



" Utraque vis pariter apibus metuenda." 

 " Extremes of heat or cold, alike are hurtful to the bees." 



To be useful to the majority of bee-keepers, artificial 

 ventilation must be simple, and not as in Nutt's hive, and 



