DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



871 



ruminant animals, both wild and tame. In the Transvaal and on the Orange River 

 the spring-boks sometimes tread upon them unawares, and when that happens the 

 sharp claws grasp the hoof and the animal is driven to frenzy by the pain and 

 gallops madly away, but is unable to set itself free from the instrument of torture. 

 It is often several days before the capsule breaks up and falls off. The fruits, which 



F:g. 477. — Fruits furnished witli liool^s. 



* Galium Aparitw. 2 Hooked bristles of the fruit of the same. » Hedysarum Ca?iaden8e. * A piece of the lomentum of the- 

 same. 6 Hoolced bristles of Bedysarum Canadense. 6 Cynoglossum pictwm. ? Hooked prickles on the fruits of the same. 

 8 Circcea Lutettaria. » Hooked bristles on the fruit of the same. 10 TorUis Anthriscus. u Single fruit of Torilig Anthriscttx. 

 12 Curved prickles on this fruit, is Lappago racemosa. 1* Single fruiting spike of the same, w Setaria verticUlata. 

 16 Fruit-bearing branchlet with involucral bristles from a spike of Setaria verticaiata. 1' Bidens Mpinnata. n Single 

 fruit of the same, is Fruit of Caocinia strigosa. 20 Hooked prickles on the fruit of Caceima strigosa. 2, 4^ 5^ 7^ 9, 11, 12^ 

 14 16 18 and 2» magnified. 



are armed with hooked bristles or prickles, are so numerous that even a superficial 

 account of them cannot be undertaken here, and we must content ourselves with 

 mentioning a few of the most remarkable forms. Amongst these are the capsular 

 fruits of Krameria Ixina and Triumfetta Plwmieri (see figs. 478^*' and 478"), the 

 sheathed achenes of several species of Calligonum and Biimex, e.g. Rvmiex nepalensis 

 (fig. 478 ^), the pods of many Papilionacese (e.g. MecUcago agrestis and M. radiata, 

 Onobrychis cequidentata and Hedysarum Canadense; see figs. 478^ and 478®, and 



