DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



873 



being eaten. Rogeria and Pedalium, mentioned on p. 875, also belong to this 

 family. 



In other plants it is the fruit-stalk instead of the style which is transformed 

 mto a claw-like structure. In Cyclamen Europcemn, for instance, the fruit-stalk 

 undergoes spiral torsion and contraction. Formerly it was supposed that the object 

 of this curious phenomenon was to draw the fruits into the earth, where the seeds 

 would be favourably situated for germination. But this idea does not correspond 

 to actual fact. The green capsules are drawn underground in the late autumn 



Kg. 478.— Fruits with hooks. 



I Marrubium vulgare. 2 Medicago agresiis. 3 Rumex tiepalensis. * Scorpiwrus sulcata. * Agrimonia odorata. 6 Orlaya 

 grandijlora. ? Pterantkus echinatus. 8 Jtochelia Persica. 9 Onobryehis cequidentata. lo Triwmfetta Plumieri. n Hooked 

 bristles on the fruit of Triwmfetta Plumieri magnified. 12 Uedicago radiata. '8 Xanthium spinosum. 1* CeratocepJialus 

 falcatus. 16 Geum urhanum. i* A single fallen fruit of Geum wbcmum. " Lappa major. 



when the seeds are still unripe. They pass the winter in the earth, and do not 

 attain to complete maturity until the following summer. The desiccation and 

 severance of the twisted fruit-stalk then has the eifect of pulling the fruit out of 

 the ground again, the lower portion of the stalk rots, and the part which is left 

 forms a claw surmounting the capsule. The latter, which is stiU full of seeds, lies 

 loose on the gi'ound, and adheres to the foot of any animal that treads on it. The 

 manner in which these seeds are besides dispersed by ants has already been referred 

 to on p. 866. 



