976 



INDEX. 



Sorbiis aucuparia, bud-scales, i. 626, 



Gymnosporangium gall, ii. 520. 



Sbredia, of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Son, of Ferns, ii, 11. 

 Sorus, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mulgedium. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27, 63. 

 Spadiciflorse, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadix, of Arum maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls on Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, general grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganacese, ii. 745. 

 Sparganium, monoecious, ii. 297. 



— pollination, ii. 136. 



— protogynous, ii. 312. 



Sparmannia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ii. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



— protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



— stomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, scent, ii. 201. 

 Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 

 ii. 267. 



flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



inflorescence, ii. 267. 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spafche, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster haccarum, gall on male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galla on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak, ii. 537. 

 Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791. 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



— extinction by Humble-bees, ii. 239. 



— extinction of, ii. 899. 



— fertilization and origin of, i. 594. 



— of flowering plants, number, ii. 604. 



— origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy in offshoots, ii. 494. 



— constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Spectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia,' colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



— opening and closing, ii. 116. 

 Specularia speculum, protection of pollen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis, autogamy, ii, 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferns, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasm, influence on ovaiy, ii. 551. 



— manifold differentiation, ii. 48. 



— nature of, ii. 46. 

 Sperraatozoid, nature of, ii. 48. 



— of Chara fragilis, ii. 660. 



— of Chlorophycese, ii. 628. 



— of Coleocheete, ii. 653. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 53. 



— of Fern, fescape, ii. 708. 



— of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



— of Selaginella, ii. 715. 



— of Volvox aureus, ii. 635. 

 SphacelariaceEB, structure, &c., ii. 661. 

 Spheerella BUtschlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 Sphserella nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 

 hsematochrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 



Sphserella pluvialis, description, ii. 630. 



habitat and food, i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



■; Bwarm-cells and light, i. 383. 



Sphserobolus, spore-dispersal, ii. 825. 

 Sphseroplea, life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sphierotheca Castagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Humulus, ii. 677. 



Spheeroiilus thermalis, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnaceae, appearance, i. 219. 



— description, ii. 699. 



— leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 



Sphagnum cymbifolium, sporogonium, ii, 



15. 

 Sphere crystals, i. 457. 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511. 

 Spiderwort. See Tradescantia. 

 Spindle, nuclear, 1. 581. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plants, 1. 

 446. 



— as " path-finders ", ii. 238. 



— proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



— transformed shoots, i. 443. 



— used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spirsea, weaving stem, i. 672. 



Spireea Aruncus, distribution of sexes, ii, 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spirsea chamsedrifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spirjfia crenata, reaerve-buds, ii. 33. 

 Spiraea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spirsea ulmifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



— phyUotaxifi, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering pollen-grains, ii. 97. 

 Spiroch^ete cholerse asiaticse, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, chlorophyll bodies, cf . PL I., i. 373. 



— formation of zygote, ii. 657. 



— occurrence, ii. 654. 

 Spirogyra-filament, structure, ii. 656. 

 Spirogyracese, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton, ii. 610. ■ 

 SplachnaccEe, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



— saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampuUaceum, capsule, ii. 703. 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, ii. 703. 

 Sponge, symbiosis with Chlorophycese, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, i. 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll-granules, i. 



381. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, i. 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of Chgetocladium, ii. 673. 



— of Thamnidium, ii. 673. 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



— of Perns, ii. 476. 



— of MarattiacesR, ii. 709. 



— of Mucor, ii. 673. 



— of Myxomycetes, mode of origin, ii. 619. 



— of OphiogloBsaceffl, ii. 709. 



— of Polypodiaceffl, ii. 706. 



— of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



— of SchizjeacesB, ii. 709. 



— of Tmesipteria, ii. 715. 



— protection from moisture, &c., ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equiaetum arvense, ii. 712. 



— of Lycopodium, ii. 716. 



— places of origin, ii. 10. 



— unicellidar brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsule, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore-formation, by abstriction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



— dispersed by wind, ii. 812. 



— of Fern, dispersal, &c., ii. 476. 



— of Lichens, dissemination, i. 246. 



— of Moss, dispersal, ii, 479. 



— of Moulds, heat resistance, i, 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrifolia, ii. 710. 



— of Salvinia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodinia grandis, conjugation and fniit- 



formation, ii. 53. 

 Sporogonium, of Bryacese, ii. 702. 



— of Musoineae, ii. 15, 477. 

 Sporophyte, of Hepaticse, ii. 696. 



— of Lycopodiales, ii. 704. 



— of Phanerogamia, ii. 717. 



— of Pteridophyta, characteristics, ii, 704. 



— young, of Fern, ii. 708. 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii. 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer, ii. 



273, 276. 

 "Sprouting" of Rye, &c., ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See CJiermes ahietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Spur, of Orchids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See EuphprUa. 

 Spurge-family. See EuphorbiacecB, 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laitreola. 

 Spurges, of Mediterranean, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312, 



Squirrels, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 585. 



Stalk, of ovirie, i. 644. 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, ii. 88. 



— parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87- 



— arrangement, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



— as insect platform, ii. 225. 



— constancy in number, ii. 86. 



— division of labour, i. 645. 



— metamorphosis, i. 646. 



— of monstrous flowers, ii. 86. 



Stamina! filaments, turgidity in Grasses, ii. 



140. 

 Staminiferous buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, application of term, j. 647. 

 Standard, of papUionaceous flower, ii. 228. 

 Stanhopea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



— edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, PI. XIII. 

 Stanhopea tigrina, opening of flowers, ii. 212. 

 Stapelia, colour and odour, ii. 197. 



Star Anise. See Ulicivm amisatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



— decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



— formed by protoplaste, i. 61. 



— percentage composition, i. 454. 



— storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, ii. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Chara stelligera, ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See Otntithogalum. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, i. 484. 



— pollen-grain, ii. 100. 



— salt on leaves and stems, i. 236. 

 Stauroapermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 Stellaria, massing of flowers, ii. 186. 

 Stellaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii. 



462. 



vegetative propagation, iL 463. 



Stellaria graminea, protection of pollen,ii.l20. 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 Stellaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227, 



movements of cotyledons, i. 532. 



Stellatse, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, olassificatory value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Stem, classiflcation, i. 650. 



— creeping, i. 652, 662. 



— floating, characteristics, i. 665. 



— foliage bearing, i. 655. 



— geometrical arrangement of cells and 



leaves, i. 405. 



— grooving of, for water conduction, i. 95. 



— lattice-form, i. 678. 



— mode of climbing, i. 671, 686. 



— morphological considerations, i. 648. 



— nodes and internodes, i. 396. 



— procumbent, mechanical ti^ue, i. 735. 



— prostrate, i. 662. 



— scaly, i. 651. 



— subterranean, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



— transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469. 



— weaving, nature of, i. 671. 



— woody, i. 657. 



Stemonitis fusca, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephanosphsera, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, il. 462. 

 Steppe-fauna, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



previously in Central Europe, ii. 903. 



Steppe-inseotB, probable eaatwEtrd retreat, ii. 



462. 

 Steppe-planta, &o., coloured stamen-fila- 

 ments in, ii. 183, 



covered by glandular vispid hairs, i. 230. 



reserve-buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky foliage in, ii. 236. 



Steppe-porcupine, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



