EARS AND TEETH OF ELEPHANTS 125 



seen in the centre of Africa. He told me that he had, in 

 fact, weighed and measured this tusk in the treasury of 

 Emin Pasha, in Central Africa, when he went with Stanley 

 to bring Emin down to the coast. As will be remembered, 

 Emin had no wish to go to the coast, but returned to his 

 province. He was subsequently attacked and murdered 

 by an Arab chief, who appropriated his store of ivory, and 

 in the course of time had it conveyed to the ivory market 

 at Zanzibar. The date of the purchase there of the 

 museum specimen corresponds with the history given by 

 Mr. Jephson. 



The African elephant (as may be seen by comparing 

 the small one now living in Regent's Park with its neigh- 

 bours) has a sloping forehead graduating into the trunk or 

 proboscis, instead of the broad, upright brow of the 

 Indian. He also has very much larger ears, which lie 

 against the shoulders (except when he is greatly excited) 

 like a short cape or cloak (see Fig. 12). These great ears 

 differ somewhat in shape in the elephants of different parts 

 of Africa, and local races can be distinguished by the 

 longer or shorter angle into which the flap is drawn out. 

 The grinding, teeth of the two elephants differ very 

 markedly, but one must see these in a museum. The 

 grinders are very large and long (from behind forwards), 

 coming into place one after the other. Each grinder 

 occupies, when fully in position, the greater part of one 

 side of the upper or of the lower jaw. They are crossed 

 from right to left by ridges of enamel, like a series 

 of mountains and valleys, which gradually wear down by 

 rubbing against those of the tooth above or below. The 

 biggest grinder of the Indian elephant has twenty-four of 

 these transverse ridges, whilst that of the African has only 

 eleven, which are therefore wider apart (See Fig. 13). 

 An extinct kind of elephant — the mastodon — had only 

 five such ridges on its biggest grinders, and four or 



