CHARACTERISTICS OF PYGMIES 231 



Mincopies, or Andaman Islanders ; (2) the Congo pygmies 

 (comprising the tribes known as the Akkas, or Tiki-Tikis, 

 the Bambutis, the Watwas, the Obongos, and Bayagas) ; 

 (3) the bushmen of South Africa ; (4) the Aetas of the 

 Philippine Islands ; (5) the Samangs of Malacca, and very 

 similar isolated pygmy tribes which have been observed in 

 New Guinea, and also in the Solomon Islands and in 

 Formosa. The Veddas of Ceylon, the Senois of Malacca, 

 and the Toalas of Celebes are apparently races which 

 have resulted from the " crossing " of true pygmies with 

 other normal-statured races inhabiting the islands in which 

 they are found. The Brahouis of Beloochistan and the 

 " monkey-men," or Bandra-Loks, east of the Indus, appear 

 also to belong to the pygmy race. 



Next to their agreement in small size, the most inter- 

 esting fact about the pygmies we have just emumerated 

 is that, notwithstanding the wide area over which they 

 are found in scattered, isolated communities — viz. from 

 the Congo to South Africa on the one hand, and, on the 

 other hand, from Central Africa to the Indian Ocean, and 

 on to New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and Formosa 

 — yet they all have short, round skulls of full average 

 brain capacity, and have their hiir growing in tightly 

 curled-up peppercorn-like tufts — two characters found 

 combined in no other race. They usually have finely-deve- 

 loped, straight foreheads, and the jaws do not project 

 strongly ; the lips are usually fine and thin, and the nose, 

 though very broad, is not always greatly flattened. They 

 are well-shaped, well-proportioned little people, neither 

 grotesque nor deformed. To a great extent their 

 corporeal features suggest an infantile or child-like stage 

 of development, and the same is true of their intellectual 

 condition and of their productions. Their habitations 

 are very primitive, either caves or low clay-made huts, of 

 the shape of half an egg. They do not make pottery, 



