SAC FUNGI IN PARTICULAR I41 



men ting mUk. Kefir grains, which include the above yeasts, a Torula, 

 and 3 bacteria {Ba<:Ulits caHcasicus, etc.) are added to the milk as a 

 starter. The fermentation of the milk results in the formation of alcohol 

 lactic add and carbonic acid. Mazum (Matzoon) an Armenian drink, 

 is prepared by adding a white, fatty cheese-like mass, to milk. The 

 starter includes colored yeasts Oidium lactis, mould fungi, a yellow 

 Sarcina, Bacillus suitUis, some cocci, Bacterium acidi lacHci and Saccharo- 

 myces anomalus. The only species of yeast, which can be recognized 

 immediately by microscopic examination, is Saccharamyces Ludwigii, 

 with its lemon-shaped vegetative cells, on the point of which a wart 

 makes its appearance, which is cut off by a septum from the rest of the 

 cell. This species is transitional to those included in the genus Schiso- 

 saccharomyces. The form of Saccharovtyces Ludwigii sugg^ts 5'. 

 apiculatus, which is unequally dumbbell-shaped. The genus Torula 

 according to Hansen includes yeasts similar to Saccharomyces, but 

 which do not form endospores, a t3rpical mould growth, and which 

 produce alcohol in all percentages. They are widely distributed in 

 nature. 



Schroter in Engler's "Die natiirlichen PflanzenfamUien" recognizes 

 only two genera in the yeast family, namely, Saccharomyces and Mono- 

 spora. The reproductive cells of the former have two to eight (seldom 

 one to three) spores and the spores are spheric, or eUipsoidal, while the 

 needle-shaped spores of Monospora are borne singly in reproductive 

 cells, or asci. Hansen^ considers Monospora to be a doubtful form of 

 yeast (Saccharomyces douteux), as also the genus Xematospora. He 

 recognize the following genera: Saccharomyces, whose sj>ores have a 

 single membrane and the cells reproduce by budding; Zygosaccharomyces, 

 where the asci are associated with conjugation; Saccharomycodes, whose 

 spores have one membrane and sprout into a promycelium; Saccharo- 

 fnycopsis, whose spor^ have two membranes; Pickia with hemispheric 

 or angular spores and ViUia with citron-shaped spores. I^ar in his 

 book on "Technical Mjxology" (H, part 2, page 274) gives an analytic 

 summary of the genera which he believes should be recognized. The 

 position of such genera as Zygosaccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis, 

 Sckisosaccharomyces with respect to nearlj' related fungi k presented 

 and discussed with a diagrammatic scheme of relationship by 



I Hansen, E. Chr.: Grundlinien zur Systematik der Saocharomyceten. Centr. 

 f. Bak., 1904. 



