THE KIDNEYS 91 



Each kidney is a wide thia-walled tube, doubled on itself 

 so that its two ends are closely approximated. These ends 

 are anterior, and placed opposite the anterior end of the 

 pericardium, while the loop is posterior and lies against the 

 posterior adductor muscle. 



The two limbs of the loop are very different : the vehtral 

 limb, or kidney proper, has spongy walls, and is lined 

 throughout by a darkly pigmented glandular epithelium, so 

 that the whole Umb appears black. The dorsal limb, or 

 ureter, is a wide thin- walled tube which conveys the excretory 

 products forwards to the external opening. 



Dissect the right kidney as described below, examining first 

 the ureter, and then the glandular portion. 



1. The external opening of the ureter is on the side of the 



body between the two lameU® of the inner gUl, and 



a short distance in front of the poiat at which its 



inner lamella becomes free from the body. 



Turn back the gills of the right side ; and pass one blade 



of a fine pa/ir of scissors between the lamellcB of the inner 



gill, through the anterior end of the slit between its inner 



lamella and the body. Gut forwards through the inner la/mella 



parallel to its base, and about an eighth of an inch from it. 



Separate the cut edges of the lamella, and gently brush the 



parts clean. 



The opening of the ureter is a small hole, with 

 rather prominent white lips. Almost immediately 

 below it is a smaller and less conspicuous opening, 

 the aperture of the genital duct, which should be 

 recognised at once. 



2. The ureter. 



Bemove the gills of the right side completely, cutting along 

 their lines of attachment to the body and mantle. Insert a 

 seeker into the opening of the ureter, and pass it back along 

 the ureter. Using the seeker as a guide, slit open the ureter 

 along its whole length. 



The ureter is a wide thin- walled passage lying 

 above and to the outer side of the kidney. Its roof 



