384 DISSECTION OF THE PIGEON 



hence commence to develop before they are laid. The egg 

 contains within itself sufficient nutriment for the development 

 of the chick up to the time of hatching ; and all that is 

 necessary to ensure development is that the egg, after it is 

 laid, should be kept at about the temperature of the parent's 

 body. This is in most birds effected by incubation, a task 

 usually fulfilled by the hen bird, but sometimes wholly or 

 in part by the cock. 



Pigeons should be ' killed with chloroform, otherwise the 

 lice with which they are invariably infested ma/y prove a great 

 nuisance. Before the dissection is commenced, the bird should 

 be thoroughly phicked, with the exception of one of the wings, 

 on which the feathers may be left till later. 



I. EXTEENAL CHAEACTEES. 



Excepting the lower joiuts of the legs and the toes, nearly 

 the whole surface of the bird is covered with feathers. 



A. The Main Divisions of the Body. 



1. The head is elongated antero-posteriorly, and produced 



in front into a pointed beak, encased in a horny 

 epidermal sheath. 



At the base of the upper beak is a naked swollen 

 patch of skin, the cere. 



At the sides of the head are the large eyes, each 

 provided vrith upper and lower eyelids, and with a 

 well-developed third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, 

 a semi-transparent fold of skin which can be flicked 

 across the eye from its anterior angle with great 

 rapidity. 



2. The neck is very long and flexible. 



3. The trunk is deep dorso-ventrally, and somewhat com- 



pressed from side to side. Along the mid-ventral 

 line is a prominent ridge, formed by the ventral 

 border of the carina, or keel of the sternum. 



Posteriorly the trunk ends in a short blunt tail. 



