INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



FIGURE 

 I. 

 2, 

 3 ": !>■ 



4. 

 S- 

 6. 



7- 



8 a, b. 



9- 



lo. 



II. 



12 a, b. 



i3. 

 14. 



IS- 



16 £c, ^. 



17 a, b. 

 18. 



19- 



20 a, b. 



21 a, i. 

 22. 



23 a, t. 

 24. 



25- 

 26. 

 27. 

 28 a, ^. 

 29. 

 30- 



3i. 



32a, ^,i:. 



33- 

 34' 



Plank properly fixed with heart side against the beam 

 Plank improperly fixed with outside against the beam 

 Medullary rays, or silver grain . 

 Concentric circles, or annual layers 

 Conversion of sap-wood into heart-wood 



Do. do. partially completed 



Conical or tapering form of woody layers . 

 Pith, snake-like form of ... • 

 Heart-shake defect ... 

 Do. do. twisting form 



Do. do. at right angles to each other 



Star-shake defect 

 Cup-shake defect . 

 Defect caused by a broken branch 

 Pruning .... 

 Rind-gall defect . 

 British Oak, rough, form of log 

 Do. sided, do. 



Do. compass, do. 

 Do. do. do. 



French Oak, mode of hewing 

 Italian Oak, compass form of log 

 Riga Oak, semicircular, do. 

 English Elm, rough, do. 

 Canada Rook Elm, defective annual layers 

 Jarrah, mode of flitching 

 Spanish Mahogany, general, form of leg 

 African Oak, irregular, do. 



Canada Red Pine, mode of hewing 

 Canada Yellow Pine. do. 



Do. Section showing seven pieces taken across 



the full breadth of the tree 360 



Canada Yellow Pine. Section showing eight pieces, do. . . 363 

 American Pitch Pine. Section and twelve lengths of the inner 



and outer layers 



New Zealand Kauri, Section showing foiu: pieces taken from 



one side, and two pieces from the other side of pith. . 

 New Zealand Kauri. Section, and butt, middle, and top 



lengths, three on each side of the pith 394 



PAGE 

 32 

 32 



33 

 33 

 37 

 37 

 42 



SI 

 SS 

 S6 

 S6 

 57 

 60 



65 

 66 

 67 



119 

 120 



121 

 121 

 124 

 130 

 140 



158 

 178 



23s 

 258 

 300 

 352 

 358 



369 



391 



