CONTENTS. 

 Part E. 



ON TIMBER IN GENERAL. 

 INTRODUCTION. 



PAGE 



On the nature of timber or wood — The various aspects under which 

 timber is viewed — By the timber merchant — By the engineer and 

 builder^By the carpenter, turner, &c. — By the chemist — By the 

 physicist— By the botanist, forester, &c i 



CHAPTER I. 



Trees, and their kinds — Forms of stems — Direction of branches — Heart- 

 wood — Sap-wood — Barli — Pith — Medullary rays — The sap — Cam- 

 bium — ^Lignine — Annual layers, &c 30 



CHAPTER II. 



Annual layers at top and butt of trees — Baobab — Cedars of Lebanon- 

 Sizes and ages of trees — Rate of growth — ^Position of maximum 

 strength — Signs when past maturity — Parasitic fungi — Foxiness — 

 Stag-headed — Natural seasoning — Proper time for felling, &c. . . 41 



CHAPTER in. 



Trees, hedge-grown — Copse-grown — Effects of variety of soil — Influence 



on water supply — Form when young, &c. ...... 49 



