The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants 
The ferns and Christmas greens (Lycopodiums) have no 
flowers, and therefore no true seeds. They havea distinct stem, 
which grows from the apex and is strength- 
ened by woody fibres, which may readily be 
seen by breaking the stem across. The 
woody fibres so strengthen the tissues of 
these plants that they are able to stand erect 
and make a conspicuous appearance not pos- 
, sible to the 
small moss- 
es and liv- 
erworts, 
H which are 
” Grass spikelet groups re- 
semble each 
other in descending degrees, so that they may 
be classed in groups under groups. Similar 
specimens may form groups of species. 
Species may form larger groups, or genera. 
Genera with common characteristics may 
form families ; and groups of families, orders; 
and orders, classes; while classes unite to 
form branches, or phyle. 
A botanist relies for the classification of 
his specimens 
mainly upon the 
similarity of those 
parts of the plant 
which produce 
the seeds or 
spores rather than 
upon those parts—the roots and leaves and 
stems—which have the work of the plant 
household to do. He finds that the seed 
and spore producing parts are more con- 
Bean seed open to show embryo 
Liverwort (Marchantia 
polymorpha) 
spore-bearing plants with no 
woody fibre. 
The plants of all these 
( 
Me Ps 
wen 
Indian pipe 
stant in their forms and habits than the leaves and stems and 
roots, which are more exposed, and which are constantly 
7 
