104 The Diseases of Animals 
is necessary to shoe them so that they can get a grip that 
will enable them to stand, or to pull loads. For this 
purpose shoes with sharp calks are usually put on. For 
horses that are used for rapid driving on asphalt paved 
streets, a rubber-faced shoe or pads gives good results, 
as it not only prevents slipping, but it lessens the jar upon 
the foot. In winter, during icy weather, when horses 
are not “sharp” but have on smooth “plates,” or shoes 
with the calks worn smooth, the horse can travel much 
better on icy roads if the shoes are removed entirely, as 
the horny hoof is less slippery than the smooth shoe. 
There are upon the market several kinds of shoes that 
have removable calks, so that in icy weather sharp 
calks can be ‘inserted without removing the shoe. 
Such shoes give good service if they are looked after 
and the calks are not allowed to remain so long that 
they are difficult to remove. 
(3) It is often necessary with horses that are intended 
for speed, or road work, to apply shoes of unusual pattern 
or weight for the purpose of modifying their action in 
some manner. Such shoes have to be made and set to 
suit each individual case. In heavy draft horses extra 
heavy shoes are sometimes put on the front feet to im- 
part action to these members. Peculiar shoes are often 
applied to the feet to suit abnormal or diseased cundi- 
tions; such an one is the high-heeled shoe used to give 
relief in bone spavin. 
(4) “Tips” are sometimes used. They are thin steel 
shoes applied to the toe and allowed to extend a short 
distance on the inside and outside quarters (Fig. 26). 
They are like an ordinary shoe, except that they come 
