Obstruction of Bowels 271 
be carefully given. The abdomen (belly) should be 
thoroughly rubbed with a sort of kneading motion 
and a mild stimulating liniment applied, though not 
enough to blister. Gentle exercise, if the horse is not 
too sick, is advisable. Give him salt to eat, and plenty 
of water. A thin mash of scalded bran that he ean 
drink is excellent. Two ounces of essence of Jamaica 
ginger may be given, or ginger tea made by putting 
a heaping tablespoonful of pulverized ginger into a 
pint of hot water, allowing it to cool, and then giving 
it as a drench. These may be repeated every four 
hours. Violent purgatives should not be resorted to. 
Give nature time and a little assistance, and the best 
results will follow. 
CONCRETIONS, CALCULI, HAIR-BALLS, ETC. 
Hard masses of indigestible material are frequently 
found in the stomachs and intestines of animals. In 
some cases, these caleuli are composed of salts of lime 
and have the appearance of a stone. Sometimes they 
are a mixture of salts of lime, hair, beards of barley 
or similar material gathered into a hard mass, which 
partially or completely close the bowel. 
The symptoms vary with the nature of the animal 
and the loeation of the calculus, or mass; but, in 
general, they are those of any other stoppage of the 
bowels. In most cases, the cause of the difficulty is 
not recognized until after the death of the animal. 
In all cases of stoppage of the bowels, unless the 
cause is definitely known, an examination should always 
