Pneumonia 280 
resulting from pleurisy. The respiration is rapid, the 
animal standing with the head drooping, the ears 
lopped, and elbows turned out; this position is usually 
maintained throughout the course of the disease. In 
cases that prove fatal, horses will stand until they 
fall from exhaustion, after which they die very soon. 
When animals lie down with pneumonia, they usually 
lie on the side that is the most seriously diseased. 
The pulse is rapid, small, and rather hard, varying 
from sixty to eighty beats per minute. The appetite 
is wanting and the bowels constipated. By placing 
the ear to the chest, over the region of the lung, a 
rattling sound (erepitus) is heard, in place of the 
normal murmur. Or, if the lung is badly diseased, it 
may be solidified (hepatized) so that no air can enter; 
in this case there is absence of sound. Animals sick 
with pneumonia like fresh air and will often place 
the nose to a door or window, if one is accessible. 
When pleurisy is associated with pneumonia, there 
is a well-marked pleuritic line running from the 
point of the hip downward and forward towards the 
lower end of the ribs. This is due to a contraction 
of the muscles to prevent the ribs from moving more 
than necessary, as friction between the lungs and ribs 
causes pain. 
Pneumonia runs a definite course, the temperature 
reaching its highest about the sixth day. All the 
treatment should be directed toward keeping the ani- 
mal comfortable and conserving its strength. The 
body should be warmly clad, the legs rubbed lightly 
and bandaged, and the animal placed in a warm, dry 
