188 INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY. 



Table for Determining the Orders of Insects. 



A- Mouth parts fitted for 'bitiug. 

 B— Pore and hind wings of differfut textures, 

 C~Fore wings liard and horny, not useful for flying; hind wings mem- 

 branous, naked, folding longitudinally and transversely. Beetles. 



(Coleoptera.) 

 CC— Fore wings leathery, sometimes wanting; hind wings membranous, 



folding longitudinally ; direct metamorphosis (Orthoptera.) 



BB— Pore and hind wings similar in texture, hut seldom folding. (Neiuroptera.) 

 AA— Mouth parts fitted for sucking, lapping, or piercing. 



B— Wings only two, hind wings rudimentary (Diptera. ) 



BB— Wings four. 



C— Wings clear with few veins; biting mandibles present. (Hymenoptera.) 



CC— Wings scaly; mouth parts a long, coiled sucking tube. (Lepidoptera.) 



CCC— Wings either membranous, or front pair horny at the base; mouth 



with a jointed beak (Hemiptera.) 



Table for Determining the Famiilies of Orthoptera. 



A— Hind legs enlarged and fitted for leaping. 

 B— Antennae much shorter than the body; ovipositor short; auditory organ 



on the abdomen (Acridldffi.) 



BB — Antennae much longer than the body; auditory organ on the fore legs. 

 C— Tarsi composed of three segments ; abdomen with long, hairy anal sty- 

 lets ; color generally brown or black. Crickets (Gryllidge. ) 



CC — Tarsi composed of four segments ; anal stylets short ; ovipositor flat or 



sword-shaped ; color generally green. Katydids (LocustidaB.) 



AA— Hind legs not fitted for leaping ; tarsi of five segments. 

 B — Fore legs enlarged and fitted for grasping; head transverse, wider than 



the thorax ; thorax greatly elongated (Mantid^.) 



BB — Legs all nearly alike and fitted for walking; head exposed and not 

 especially wider than the thorax; body greatly elongated. Walking 



sticks (Phasmldae.) 



BBB — Legs alike and used for locomotion; head concealed beneath the shield- 

 shaped prothorax; body flattened. Cockroaches (Blattidse.) 



Table for Determining the Families of Hemiptera. 



(Arranged by permission from Comstock's Entomology.) 



A — Beak jointed ; with or without wings. 

 B— First pair of wings thickened at the base, thinner at the tip. 

 C — Antennae shorter than the head, and nearly or qtiite concealed in a canity 

 beneath the eyes. 

 D — Hind tarsi without claws. 

 E— Fore tarsi flattened, with a fringe of hairs on the edge, and without 



claws. Head overlapping the prothorax (CorisidEe. ) 



EE— Fore tarsi of the usual form, and with two claws ; head inserted in 



the prothorax (Notonectidae.) 



DD — Hind tarsi with two claws. 

 E — Caudal end of the abdomen furnished with a respiratory tube com- 

 posed of a pair of grooved thread-like organs (NepidiB.) 



EE— Abdomen without respiratory tube. 



F— Legs flattened for swimming (BelostomldEe.) 



FF— Legs fitted for walking. 



G— Without ocelli (Naucoridse.) 



GG— Ocelli present ;... (Galgulidae.) 



CC— Antennas at least as long as the head; usually free. 

 D— Body linear ; head as long as the three thoracic segments. 



(LlmnohatidBB.) 



DD— Body of various forms, but when linear, with the head shorter than 



the thorax. 



E— Last segment of the tarsi more or less split, and with the claws 



inserted before the apex. 



P — Body usually elongated ; prothorax narrow ; beak 4-jolnted; second 



and third pairs of legs I'x trcmi'ly long and slender. (Hydrobatidai.) 



