22 



MANUAL OF BOTANY 



Section 5. AcrampJiibrya. Stem growing at both tlie apex 

 and circumference. 

 Coliort 1. Oymnosperma:. Ovules naked, receiving im- 

 pregnation immediately by the micropyle ; as in 

 Coniferae. 

 Cohort 2. Apetalce. Calyxabsent, rudimentary, or simple, 

 calycine or coloured, free or united to the 

 ovary. Examples, Cupuliferse, Urticacese, and 

 Polygonese. 

 Cohort 3. Gamopetalcd. Both floral envelopes present, the 

 outer calycine, the inner coroUine, the latter 

 being monopetalous ; rarely abortive. Exam- 

 ples, Compositse, Labiatse, Scrophulariness, 

 and Ericaceae. 

 Cohort 4. Dialypetalce. Both floral envelopes present, the 

 outer being rnonosepalous or polysepalous, 

 free or united to the ovary, calycine or some- 

 times coroUine ; the inner being corolline vrith 

 distinct petals, or rarely cohering by means of 

 the base of the stamens, and with an epigy- 

 nous, perigynous, or hypogynous insertion; 

 rarely abortive. Examples, UmbeUiferse, Ea- 

 nunoulaceK, Cruciferse, Caryophyllese, Rosa- 

 ceae, and Leguminosse. 

 Under these divisions Endlicher included 277 Natural 

 Orders. After Jussieu, he commenced with the simplest plants 

 and gradually proceeded to the more complicated, placing those 

 of the LeguminossB at the highest point of the series. 



Lindley's Natdeal System. — To Lindley especially belongs 

 the merit of having been the first botanist who made any 

 serious attempt to introduce a natural arrangement of plants 

 into use in this country. The first system proposed by him in 

 1830 was but a slight modification of that of De CandoUe. No 

 attempt was made in this system to form minor groups or 

 divisions of the tribes ; but in 1833, in a new system, Lindley 

 arranged the natural orders in groups subordinate to the higher 

 divisions, which were called Nixus (tendencies). These primary 

 divisions were again divided into Sub-classes, Cohorts, and 

 Nixus or groups of nearly allied Natural Orders. In 1838, 

 Lindley again altered his arrangement so far as regarded 

 Exogens ; and finally, in the year 1845, further modified his 

 views, and proposed the following scheme, which was that 

 adopted by him in his great work on ' The Vegetable Kingdom.' 



