20 MANUAL OP BOTANY 



Glass 2. EndogencB, or Monocotyledonce. 



„ , „, ^ „, f Fruotifioation visible, regu- 



Sub-Class 1. Fhanerogamce j , 



„ „ , (Fructification hidden, un- 



i. Cryptogams | known, or irregular. 



Sub-Kingdom 2. Cellulaees, or AcotyledonbjE. 



r^ , „, - T-, , . ( Having leaf -like expansions, 



Sub-Class 1. FoUosce 1 j T 



( and known sexes. 



cy , -, ij (Having no leaf-like expan- 



■ -^ '■•^ I sions, and no known sexes. 



Under these sub-classes De Candolle arranged 161 Natural 

 Orders. The enumeration of these is unnecessary in an ele- 

 mentary volume ; we shall content ourselves with mentioning a 

 few only, as examples of the different groups. Thus, as exam- 

 ples of ThalarmflorcB — Cruciferse, Caryophyllese, and Malvaceae ; 

 of CalyciJlorcB — Eosacese, Umbelhferse, and Compositae ; oiCorol- 

 liflorcE — Convolvulacese, Solaneae, and Labiatas ; of Monochla- 

 mydece — Polygoneae, Urticese, and Amentaoese ; oi Fhanerogamce 

 — Orchideae, Iridese, and Gramineae ; of CryptogamcB — Filices, 

 Equisetaceae, and Lycopodineae ; of Foliosce — Musci and Hepa- 

 ticae ; and of Aphyllce — Liohenes, Fungi, and Algae. 



In this system it will be observed that De Candolle adopted 

 the primary divisions of Jussieu, but he reversed the order of 

 their arrangement ; for instead of commencing with Acotyle- 

 dons, and passing through Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons, he 

 began with the latter, and proceeded by the Monocotyledons to 

 Aootyledons. He took a retrograde step in placing the Vascu- 

 lar Cryptogams with the Monocotyledons. 



Since the appearance of De CandoUe's system numerous 

 other arrangements have been proposed by botanists, as those 

 of Agardh, Perleb, Dumortier, Bartling, Lindley, Schultz, 

 Endlicher, and many others. The important work of Eobert 

 Brovra dates from only a little later than this system of De 

 Candolle. In 1827 he published his discovery of the direct 

 action of the poUen tube on the nucellus of the ovule in 

 ConifersE and Cycadeae, which were at that time considered 

 to belong to the Dicotyledons. Thus began the division into 

 Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. At first both these were 

 held to be sections of Dicotyledons, and it was not understood 

 that the Gymnosperms were a lower type. As all these systems, 

 with the exception of those of Lindley and Endlicher, were 

 never much used, and are not adopted in great systematic works 



