178 



MANUAL OF BOTANY 



tion, we have the embryo, which is the young sporophyte 

 itself. 



The Gymnosperms are subdivided as under : — ■ 

 Order 1. Conifers or Pinaob^, the Coniferous or Pine 

 Order. — Character. — Eesinous t7-ees or evergreen shruhs, with 

 branched continuous stems. Leaves Hnear, acioular or lanceo- 

 rate, parallel-veined, fascicled or imbricate alternate. Flowers 

 naked, monoecious or dioecious. Male flowers arranged in 

 deciduous amenta. Stamens 1 or several, in the latter case 

 monadelphous ; anthers 1- or more-celled, opening longitudinally. 

 Female flowers in cones, consisting of flattened imbricate carpels 

 or scales arising from the axil of membranous bracts ; ovules 

 naked, 2 or more, on the upper surface of each carpel. Fruit a 



Fig. 930. 



Fis. 931. 



Fig. 932. 



/'i(7. 930. A ripe cone of the 

 Larcli (Minis (_Abifs) Larix). 



Fig. 931. A mature 



carpel or scale of the Scotch 

 Fir {Pinus sylvestris), with 

 two winged naked seeds at 

 its base. mic. Micropyle. ch. 



Chalaza. Fig. 932. A 



scale of the Larch bearing 

 one naked winged seed ; the 

 other seed lias been removed. 



woody cone or a galbulus. Seeds naked with a hard crustaceous 

 integument, albuminous ; cotyledons 2 or many. 



Division of the Order and Illustrative Genera. — This order 

 has been subdivided as follows : — 

 Sub-order 1. .46ieie«.— Ovules inverted, with the micropyle 



next the base of the carpel. Pollen curved. 



Illustrative Genera : — Pinus, Limn. ; Araucaria, Juss. 

 Sub-order 2. Cupressece. —Ovules erect, with micropyle superior. 



Pollen spheroidal. Illustrative Genera : — Juniperus, Linn. ; 



Cupressus, Tourn. 



The order Taxaoece is now frequently included in the 

 Coniferce, forming the tribe or sub-order Taxece or Taxinece. 



Distribution and Numbers. —The plants of this order occur 



