3] 4 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



or polygamous. Calyx and corolla with a ternary, quaternary, 

 or quinary distribution of their parts; the former with an im- 

 bricate aestivation, the latter twisted or valvate, and sometimes 

 wanting. Stamens equal in number to or twice as many as the 

 petals, or some multiple of them, or fewer. Ovary of from 2 to 5 

 carpels, separate or combined, either sessile and surrounded at 

 the base by a fleshy and glandular disc, or elevated upon a 

 gynophore ; ovules sessile. Fruit capsular or succulent. Em- 

 bryo with a superior radicle. Albumen present or absent. 



Divisionof the Order and Illustrative Genera. — The EutacesE 

 have been variously divided, and Bentham and Hooker have 

 largely extended the order by including the orders Aurantiaceae 

 and Xanthoxylaoese of former botanists, which arrangement is 

 here adopted. As thus extended, they have divided it into the 

 following tribes; — Cusparies, Ruteas, Diosmese, Boroniese, 

 Xanthoxylese, Toddaliese, and Aurantiese. Illustrative Genera : 

 Euta, Tourn. ; Barosma, Willd. ; Xanthoxylon, Kunth. ; Tod- 

 dalia, Juss. ; Citrus, Linn. 



The Xanthoxylese are especially distinguished by their poly- 

 gamous /lowers ; and the Aurantiese by the blade of their leaves 

 being articulated to the petiole, their deciduous imbricate petals, 

 and their peculiar fruit {hesperidium). 



Distribution and Numbers. — The Rutese are found chiefly 

 in the southern part of the temperate zone and in Northern 

 Asia ; the genera Diosma, Barosma, &c., abound at the Cape of 

 Good Hope ; other genera are found in Australia, and some 

 in equinoctial America. Xanthoxylese are mostly American, 

 AurantieaB usually East Indian. There are about 620 species. 



Properties and Uses. — The Rutese are generally characterised 

 by a powerful penetrating odour and bitter taste. In medicine 

 they are employed as antispasmodics, tonics, febrifuges, diure- 

 tics, &c. The Xanthoxylese are almost universally characterised 

 by pungent and aromatic properties, and sometimes by bitter- 

 ness. In medicine, they have been employed as stimulants, 

 sudorifics, febrifuges, tonics, sialogogues, and emmenagogues. 

 The Aurantiese abound in glands containing essential oils, which 

 render them fragrant. These volatile oils are especially abundant 

 in the leaves, the petals, and the rind of the fruit. The latter 

 also contains a bitter tonic principle. The pulp of the fruit has 

 an acid or somewhat saccharine taste ; and the wood is always 

 hard, and of a compact nature. 



Order 96. Simarubacb*!, the Quassia Order. — C haracter. — 

 Shrubs or trees. Leaves without dots, alternate, compound or 



