370 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



gether unimportant. Dipsacus Fullonum is, however, an 

 important economical species. 



Order 167. Calyceraob^, the Calycera Order. — Charac 

 t e r. — Herbs. — Leaves alternate, exstipnlate. Flowers in capitula 

 surrounded by an involucre. Ca /(/.c superior, irregular, 5-lobed, 

 Corolla epigynous, gamopetalous ; regular, valvate, 5-lobed 

 Stamens 5, epipetalous ; filaments monadelphous ; anthers par 

 tially united. Owa?-;/ inferior, 1-celled; otiMte solitary, pendulous 

 Fruit indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous, vi'ith fleshy albu 

 men ; radicle superior. 



Diagnosis. — These plants hold an intermediate position be- 

 tween Dipsacese and ConipositEe, being distinguished from the 

 former by their alternate leaves, absence of involuoel to their 

 individual florets, valvate aestivation of corolla, monadelphous 

 filaments, and partially united anthers ; and from the Coropositae 

 in their anthers being only partially united, and in their pendu- 

 lous albuminous seed, and superior radicle. 



Distribution and Numbers. — Exclusively natives of South 

 America, especially the cooler parts. Illustrative Oenera : — 

 Calycera, Cavan. ; Leucocarpus, Don. There are about 20 

 species. 



Properties and Uses. — Unknown. 



Order 168. ComposiTjE, the Composite Order. — Character. 

 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate. 

 Flowers (florets) hermaphrodite, unisexual, or neuter, arranged 

 in capitula, which are commonly surrounded by an involucre 

 formed of a number of imbricate bracts (phyllaries) ; the 

 separate florets are also frequently furnished with membranous 

 or scale-like braotlets (palce). Capitula developing sucessively 

 in a centrifugal order. Calyx superior, its limb either entirely 

 abortive or membranous ; in the latter case it is entire, toothed, 

 or pappose— that is, divided into bristles, or simple, branched, 

 or feathery hair-like processes. Corolla epigynous, gamo- 

 petalous, tubular, ligulate, or bilabiate, 4 — 5-toothed, with a 

 valvate festivation. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, inserted on the 

 ooroUa, and alternate with its divisions ; filaments distinct or 

 monadelphous ; anthers united into a tube {syngenesious), 

 which is perforated by the style and stigmas. Ova/ry inferior, 

 bioarpellary, 1-ceUed, with 1 erect ovule ; style 1, undivided 

 below, and commonly bifid above ; stigmas 2, one being 

 usually placed on the inner surface or margin of each division 

 of the style. Fruit a. cypsela, dry, indehiscent, 1 -celled. 



