374 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



Of these sub-orders the Liguliflorse is the best defined. 



By Bentham and Hooker the Compositse are divided into 

 thirteen tribes. 



Distribution and Numbers. — Universally distributed ; but 

 the Tubuliflorse are most abundant in hot climates, and the 

 LiguliilorEe in cold. The Labiatiflorte are almost entirely con- 

 fined to the extra-tropical regions of South America. In the 

 northern parts of the world the plants of this order are 

 universally herbaceous; but in South America, and some other 

 parts of the southern hemisphere, they occasionally become 

 shrubby, or even in some cases arborescent. Lindley calculated 

 the order to contam about 9,000 species ; but Bentham and 

 Hooker have reduced it to about 1,000 genera and 8,000 species. 



Properties and Uses. — The properties of the Oompositae 

 are very variable. A bitter principle pervades the greater 

 number of the species in a more or less evident degree, 

 by which they are rendered tonic. Some are laxative and 

 anthelmintic. Many contain a volatile oil, vi'hioh commrmioates 

 aromatic, carminative, and diaphoretic properties. Others are 

 acrid stimulants, and the Ligulifiora; commonly abound in a 

 bitter-tasting milky juice, which is sometimes narcotic. 



Cohort 3. — Campanales. 



Order 169. StylidiacbjE, the Stylewort Order. — C haracter 

 Herbs or undershrubs, not milky. Leaves exstipulate. 

 Calyx superior, with from 2 to 6 divisions, persistent. Corolla, 

 with from 5 to 6 divisions ; cestivation imbricate.' Stamens 2, 

 gynandrous. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled ; style forming a 

 column with the filanreuts ; stigma without an indusium. Fruit 

 capsular. Seeds albuminous. 



Distribution and Numbers. — They are chiefly found in the 

 Bwamps of Australia. Illustrative Genera : — Stylidium, Swartz ; 

 Forstera, Linn.fil. There are about 120 species. 



Properties and Uses. — Unknown. 



Order 170. Goodeniacejj;, the Goodenia Order. — Charac- 

 t e r. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, not milky. Leaves exstipulate. 

 blowers never collected into heads. Calyx generally superior, 

 with from 3 to 5 divisions, occasionally inferior. Corolla irre- 

 gular, 5 -parted ; ^siitiaiiom induplicate. Stamens 5; filaments 

 distinct ; anthers distinct or united. Ovary 1, 2, or rarely 

 4-celled ; placenta free central ; style 1 ; stigma surrounded by 

 a hairy ring or somewhat cup-shaped expansion of the upper 



