18 WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY 
ences in the character of the forest. The proximity to the sea causes 
yet another difference in the type of vegetation, combined as it often 
is with low elevation. 
Broadly speaking, then, one can differentiate several distinct types 
of forest, though owing to slight changes in a locality the one merges 
into the other and very sharp boundary lines cannot be drawn. 
I. The Mangrove Swamps are usually near the sea coast, though 
not always at the sea coast; a strip of Evergreen Forest is usually 
found actually on the sandy dunes of the sea coast. The Mangrove 
Swamps also extend up the rivers near the coast as a fringe a mile 
or more wide. 
II. The Evergreen Forest is usually found on the sea coast, also 
extending inland up the rivers, and also on low land up to an eleva- 
tion of a few hundred feet, as, for instance, the forest on the banks 
of the Calabar River. 
Ill. The Freshwater Swamp Forests are also found in this type 
of locality. 
IV. The Mixed intermediate Forest is found usually where the 
rainfall does not exceed 60 inches, or in slightly hilly country, and 
contains a few deciduous trees. Typical trees of this forest are the 
Triplochiton Nigericum and Mimusops multinervis. It contains both 
evergreen and deciduous trees. 
V. The Fringing Forest, or “Gallerie” Forest of the Germans, 
is found at the edge of rivers or lakes, where the rainfall is otherwise 
too low for the mixed deciduous forests. 
VI. The Savannah Forest, sometimes so-called Dry-zone' Forest, 
usually occurs with a rainfall of 30 to 50 inches. The typical tree 
of this is the Lophira alata. 
VII. The Evergreen Forest of the hills, chiefly above an altitude 
of 2,000 or 3,000 feet. It is especially noticeable on Mount Itakum 
and the Boji Hills (elevation 5,000 feet). 
VIII. The Open Orchard Forest, with shrubby trees of small 
growth. ; 
These, then, roughly follow the (Ecological Divisions according 
to Warming, which are as follows: 
Mangrove Swamp, 
True Savannah, 
Treeless Savannah, low and high grass, 
Bush Savannah, 
Tree Savannah, 
Savannah Forest, 
Sclerophyllus formations, such as 
Bush and Forest, 
Bamboo Forest. 
