NIGERIA 163 
that year after year this amount can be cut down again, and as the 
soil and other conditions improve and the rate of reproduction is 
hastened by proper cultural methods in improving the soil, by draining 
and other methods of amelioration, still larger results may be obtained. 
Secondly, the object of these Reserves is to produce firewood, 
more especially in the neighbourhood of large towns ; in fact, already 
in several cases, firewood plantations or Reserves have been made, 
such as those at Ibadan and on the sandy flats near Lagos. In these 
cases, trees five, seven or ten years old are large enough for that 
purpose, more especially of the following species, Cassta Siamia, or 
Albizzia Brownii. 
Thirdly, to provide grazing land, more especially in the more 
northern part of Nigeria, where the object is to divide up the area, 
so that so many cattle may graze on each area in different years, or 
for different periods of the year, so as to give the pasture and small 
trees which may be growing a chance to revive and grow again. By 
this means the pasture is improved and made of permanent value. 
It is also possible under this system to undertake permanent improve- 
ments in these large pastures by a certain amount of drainage in the 
lower parts, and fire protection in the upper and higher parts. In 
this way the cattle obtain a better pasturage and reach maturity all 
the quicker. In times of bad season, too, some of the closed areas 
may be opened for pasturage, thus ensuring that the head of cattle 
may not be allowed to go down owing to death due to drought or lack 
of pasture. In this way the grazing reserve acts as a kind of insurance 
against loss of stock in bad seasons of no rainfall. 
Fourthly, the production of oil seeds and nuts, such as the Oil 
Bean, Pentaclethra macrophylla, or the African Wocd Oil-nut, Ricinoden- 
dron Africanus. It may also be the production of Cola nuts, which 
thrive in the forests in the shade, or in the partial shade, of other 
forest trees, and the Cacao Bean, which also, in certain localities, should 
stand in the partial shade of forest trees, more especially in the dry 
season. 
Fifthly, the production of fibres, such as that from the tree 
known as Eso, Firmiana Bartert, the bark of which is used for making 
rope. Then there are the various creepers, such as Kakoba, Entada 
scandens, which is also used for making rope by the Hausa and Yoruba, 
more especially fly-switches by the Benin natives. Then there are 
the canes, such as Egbe, used for roofing amongst the Yorubas and 
Okakan, Hremospatha sp. (large Benin rattan), and Ikan, Hremospatha 
macrocarpa (small Benin rattan), also used for making rope, and a 
kind of string which both the Benin and Jekii natives use for tying 
lath pieces together in housebuilding and in making coverings for 
their canoes. 
Sixthly, the production of domestic articles, such as sponges, 
