1909 WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY 
survey were possible, one could then subdivide each belt into its 
different areas and provinces, with their special floral characteristics, 
but at present one must be content to indicate broadly the general 
composition. 
The Soudan Zone, indeed, includes the greater part of Hausaland 
and is representative of the typical West African savannah and 
savannah forest. It merges into the drier sandy “‘ steppe ” conditions 
in the north and into the mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen forests 
farther south. The only giants in height are the silk-cotton-trees 
(Eriodendron orientale), but baobabs of enormous girth are common, 
and the largest timber trees are probably the Maje (Paradaniellia 
Oliveri) and the Kawo (Afzelia Africana), fair specimens of the dry- 
zone mahogany, Madachi (Khaya Senegalensis), occurring also in 
favourable situations. 
Across the central part of Northern Nigeria, let us say from Konta- 
gora and South Sokoto through the whole of Zaria and South Kano 
to South Bornu (but excluding the Bauchi plateau, of which I cannot 
speak from personal knowledge), the plants named in the list here 
given might be regarded as the average association of species, trees, 
shrubs and herbaceous, the chief Natural Orders being represented 
as follows : . 
AnonacEez® by the common wild custard apple, Gwandar daji, 
Anona Senegalensis, a shrub. 
CAPPARIDACEH® by the Ingidido, Crateva Adansonii, by shrubs or 
woody undershrubs of genera Boscia and Merua, some thorny 
scramblers of the genus Capparis, and the familiar weed Gasaya, 
Gynandropsis pentaphylla. 
BrixinEZ by the Rawaya, Cochlospermum tinctoriwm, a shrub. 
HyPERIcINE by the shrub Kaskawami, Psorospermum Senegalense. 
Ocunacez by the Namijin kade, Lophira alata, a tree very typical 
of the region, two or three species of Gomphia, and a new species of 
Ochna, a small shrub with crenulate leaves. 
Marvace& by numerous species of Hibiscus, including the cultivated 
Rama (chiefly K. cannabinus) and Cotton, with the Ramaniya, 
Urena lobata, and various undershrubs and suffrutescent weeds, mostly 
of the genus Sida. The Kuka or baobab, Adansonia digitata, and 
the Rimi or Silk-cotton Tree, Hriodendron orientale, marking the sites 
of human habitations, past or present, are typical species of this 
area, a8 is also the red-flowered Gurjiya, Bombax buonopozense 
(Bombacacez). 
SrzRcuLiacEz by the Kukuki, Sterculia tomentosa, a tree, with 
which we may place the common undershrub Hankufa, Waltheria 
Americana. 
Trn1acE® by several species of Grewia, the most familiar being 
the Dargaza, G. mollis, by two or three species of Corchorus, 
