202 WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY 
spermem Senegalense, Ximenia Americana, Anona Senegalensis, 
Pseudrocedrela Kotschyi, Strychnos spinosa and other spp., Bridelia 
ferruginea, Hymenocardia acida, Gymnosporia Senegalensis. Occa- 
sional larger trees will often be species of Terminalia, Prosopis oblonga, 
Butyrospermum Parkii, Lophira alata, Vitex Cienkowskii, Sterculia 
tomentosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, or even Afzelia Africana and 
Paradaniellia Oliveri. 
In the above association remark must be made of the Taura, 
Detarium Senegalense, which is here rarely of dimensions meriting the 
designation of tree, and therefore very different from the large timber 
known in the southern forests and found also on the forested slopes 
of Patti at Lokoja; of the Makarfo, a tree of twisted habit, not often 
over 30 feet high, with flaking bark, apparently much inferior to the 
Afrormosia laxiflora, if it is this species, in the greater mixed deciduous 
forests farther south; and of the Tsada, Ximenia Americana, which 
is here unarmed, has rather thin, glabrous leaves, sometimes almost 
shining, and thus differs in habit from the coastal variety, if the identity 
is certain, which is spiny, has dull leaves sometimes half-succulent, 
and is appropriately called by the French “ Citron de la mer.” 
3. Park Savannah. 
The open park-like formation is another which is typical of ‘this 
region. It is, perhaps, best seen where the population is not quite 
sparse, as in the latter case the previous type tends to take posses- 
sion. The Shea Butter Tree is the one which more than any other 
gives the tone to this type, but Parkia filicoidea and, especially in the 
North, the Tamarind are perhaps equally representative. The two 
first-named, though not necessarily indicating the proximity of a village, 
have probably in most cases owners, and the intervening spaces 
may or may not be more or less cultivated. Open park-like country 
may, however, occur apart from any contemporary interference by 
man, and wide stretches of it appear alternating with scattered orchard 
bush or with open grass-land. The grasses are of the previously 
mentioned types, with many species of Eragrostis, Aristida, small 
annual tufted grasses and sedges, along with Cassia mimosoides, Olden- 
landia grandiflora, O. Senegalensis and other Leguminous and Rubiaceous 
weeds. Other trees which well maintain the park-like appearance 
are Terminalia macroptera, occasional species of Ficus, Viter Cien- 
kowskti, Acacia Arabica and A. Sieberiana. 
In flat, wide-stretching meadows which are often marshy in the 
rains, this formation also maintains its character, single trees or 
island-like clusters of tree and shrub dotting the expanse of heavy 
grass which is burnt to desolation by the yearly fires. These islets 
are generally found to be composed of Giyaiya, Mitragyne Africana, 
with shrubs such as Feretva canthioides, Sarcocephalus Russegeri, and 
