216 WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY 
Celtis integrifolia, Lam. Zuwo or Dukki. 
This is a fairly large tree of the savannah forest region, found as far 
north at least as Sokoto. The leaves are edible and are used as fodder. 
Ficus or Urostigma spp. 
This genus has not yet been fully elaborated, and the native names 
cannot in all cases be definitely applied to distinct botanical species. 
The following appear to be fairly established: Chediya, Ficus 
Thonningii, Bl., one of the commonest shade trees, planted in towns 
and abundant far North in French territory ; Durumi, F. syringifolia, 
Warb., perhaps equally common, with shining heart-shaped and 
pointed leaves; Baure, F'. gnaphalocarpa, A. Rich. (the rough-leaved 
species with soft figs which are sometimes considered edible) ; Uwar 
yara, F. Capensis, Thunb. (sensu lato), recognized by the wavy or 
indented-margined leaves, and especially by the figs being borne in 
dense clusters on the trunk; Gamji, F. platyphylla, Del. (the source 
of ‘‘ Red Kano Rubber” and the host of one of the wild silkworms, 
Anaphe sp.). Kawuri probably includes F. kawuri, Hutch., and F. 
glumosa, Del. Wa is a species with broadly cordate leaves, strongly 
veined, and Shirinya is a narrow-leaved species. F'. Vogelii, Mig., is 
a glossy-leaved rubber-tree, more abundant in ravines and in the 
moister forests farther South. 
The Gamji and Shirinya, and perhaps some of the others, almost 
invariably begin life as epiphytes. 
Most of the species have abundant aerial rootlets, and the latex 
of F. Vogelit, of Gamji, and perhaps of Kawuri and Shirinya, yields 
rubber of varying quality. 
Raphia vinifera, P. Beauv. (Palmez). Tukuruwa; ‘“ Bamboo Palm,” 
“Wine Palm.” 
This well-known palm is found in ravines in the savannah region 
as far as Zaria province, but is a proper member of swampy patches 
and moist forests of the South. Roofing poles and palm-wine are 
its products most used in the North. 
Borassus flabellifer, var. Aithiopum, Warb. Giginya; ‘‘ Deleb,” 
“ Palmyra” or “ Fan Palm.” 
The most characteristic palm of Hausaland, with tall, straight 
and often beaded stems. The germinating shoots from the planted 
nuts are a vegetable called murucht, and the wood and leaves have the 
familiar uses in house-building, mat and basket weaving, etc. 
Hyphene Thebaica, Mart. Goriba; ‘‘ Dum ” or “ Gingerbread Palm.” 
The typical palm of the more northerly Hausa provinces, character- 
ized by its forked stems and obliquely fan-shaped leaves. The kernel 
