OIL. PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY 481 
taken up the crushing of kernels. Bristol and Manchester have both 
thought about it. 
Crushing has been tried in Africa, but has not been very successful 
so far, the cost of the operations having proved too high. In the 
Congo, however, it is still being done. 
The crushing plants in Nigeria are situated at Opoba and Apapa, 
near Lagos. 
14a. OTHER MeTHops or KERNEL CrusHINe—SoLvENtTs.—Com- 
mercially, kernels are heated with solvents or pressure is used to extract 
the oil. According to Mr. Dennett the first expression takes place 
at a temperature of 45° to 50° C., and the second at 55° to 60°C. The 
double pressing is necessary owing to the amount of fat in the oil. 
By solvents, all or only a part can be taken out of the kernels. I all 
is taken, then they are almost valueless as cake, owing to its lack 
of oil. 
15. PaLM-KERNEL Propuce.—Palm-kernel cake used to contain 
20 to 22 per cent. of fibre and 10 per cent. of oil, which went rancid, 
so was not liked here. 
This was the main reason why palm-kernel cake was not used to 
any extent by farmers in England before the war. 
15a. YIELD oF Ott, KERNELS AND Cakze.—From 46 to 53 per cent. 
of palm-kernel oil is obtained from the kernels. 
Roughly speaking, a ton of kernels yields half a ton of cake, accord- 
ing to Mr. R. E. Dennett. 
According to the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute 1 ton of kernels 
yields 1,000 Ib. of oil. 
Palm-kernel Cake and Oil Exports.—Palm-kernel cake was exported 
to Denmark in September 1915-18, 863 bags. 
156. ANaLysis oF KerneL Caxzu.—This, according to a recent 
analysis in the Field by Frank J. Lloyd, is: 
Per cent. 
Fibre.. as a oh ay 14°80 
Mineral matters .. si ee 3°55 
Nutrients— 
Oil wos ais bee ou 6°17 
Albuminoids aia be -- 16°12 
Carbohydrates .. ils -. 48°51 
Water ais ie Be -. 10°85 
100°00 
A further analysis shows : 
Per cent. 
Oil... 25 bs bee as 5°5-10 
Albuminoids vite as -» 15°8-18°5 
Carbohydrates a ie .. 36-50 
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