BISTOBY AND LEGAL BASIS. 41 



logical Survey show geologic conditions favorable to the occurrence 

 of deep-seated deposits of copper. The deposits in this district are 

 of such nature that no surface discovery, such as is required by the 

 lode law, can be made. As a result valid locations can not be made 

 upon the lands until valua:ble minerals have been discovered therein, 

 either by deep drilling or deep shafting. There was danger that 

 before either of these types of prospecting could be completed at- 

 tempts would be made to obtain title to the lands by means of State 

 selections or other nonmineral entries. Accordingly the President 

 directed that the area be included in a withdrawal. By the terms of 

 the withdrawal act the withdrawn lands are open to exploration and 

 purchase under the mining laws, so far as they apply to metallif- 

 erous minerals. Thus the lands are reserved for exploration as to 

 their metalliferous value but are not open to other forms of entry. 



WATBR-POWUB SITES. 



In messages to Congress during 1908 and 1909 President Roose- 

 velt called attention to the danger of an uncontrolled monopoly of 

 water-power development and to the desirability of preventing 

 power sites on the public domain from falling into the hands of 

 speculators and monopolists. As early as February 26, 1908, in a 

 message transmitting a report of the Inland Waterways Commis- 

 sion, he advocated legislation providing for the leasing of such sites 

 rather than their alienation. The report of the Inland Waterways 

 Commission contains the following statement: 



Wherever water is now or will hereafter become the chief source of power, 

 the monopolization of electricity from running streams involves monopoly of 

 power for the transportation of freight and passengers, for manufacturing, 

 and for supplying light, heat, and other domestic, agricultural, and municipal 

 necessities to such an extent that unless regulated it will entail monopolistic 

 control of the daily life of our people in an unprecedented degree. 



Since that time President Taft, Senator Burton, Secretaries Gar- 

 field, Fisher, and Stimson, and many others have advocated a revi- 

 sion of the laws pertaining to lands valuable for water powers and 

 have especially urged the retention of their control by the United 



States. 



In the winter of 1908 and 1909, under the direction of President 

 Roosevelt and Secretary Garfield, a number of withdrawals were 

 made covering streams in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast 

 States on recommendation of the Reclamation Service. These orders 

 of withdrawal covered wide areas, and as the best agricultural lands 

 in the West are in the vicinity of streams, a great deal of popular 

 discontent and criticism followed. Secretary Ballinger, soon after 

 his appointment, ordered the restoration of all the withdrawn lands, 

 and many such restorations were made, mainly in the latter part of 



