6o OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 



CHAPTER IX. 

 DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 



1 37. Geographic Distribution. — Ferns are found in all 

 ■ parts of the world. The number of described species is not 

 certainly known, and the uncertainty is largely increased for 

 the reason that our best systematists do not agree as to what 

 constitutes a species. Baker places the estimate at about 3000 

 species. Added to these are 565 fern allies as recognized by 

 the same author. The full number is probably much greater 

 than this very conservative estimate. 



From what has been said respecting the climatic conditions 

 of fern growth we would naturally expect to find them most 

 abundant in countries where warmth and moisture predomi- 

 nate. These conditions seem most completely met on tropical 

 islands or in tropical continental areas with insular climates. 

 The little island of Mauritius, having an area of 676 square 

 miles, or less than one third the area of Delaware, has 235 na- 

 tive species, while Java, little larger than New York, has 460. 

 Brazil furnishes 387, and the Isthmus of Panama 117. Com- 

 paring these with colder climates, we find 67 in all Europe, and 

 only 26 grow within the borders of the arctic zone. 



" Our Native Ferns,'' as described later in this volume, in- 

 cluding those species that are classed in the order Filices, 

 number 170 species. Adding to these the 22 species of the 

 order OphioglossaCE/E, which have frequently been enumer- 

 ated with the ferns, we have a total of 192 species. The remain- 

 ing fern allies number 87, making a grand total of 279. 



1 38. Divisions of our Flora.— It has been found con- 

 venient to divide the surface of the earth into faunas and floras, 

 limited by the natural distribution of the various species of 



