506 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



the lower jaw. Baelz observed amebse in the urine, Jiirgens in the mucous 

 membrane of the bladder, Kartulis in a tumor of the bladder, Wijnhoff and 

 Zeehuisen in mucohemorrhagic urine, and their causal relation to the morbid, 

 phenomena is not yet explained. This detection of amebae is undoubtedly very 

 interesting, but a definite opinion regarding their significance cannot be 

 arrived at until the culture of amebae in pure culture has been accomplished. 

 Then we shall be able by experiments to estimate their true significance as 

 generators of disease. 



V. Leyden and Schaudinn found in the ascitic fluid of two cases of carci- 

 noma structures of an irregular polygonal or globular form, which, in a con- 

 tracted condition, measured from 3 to 36 ix.. Uncontracted, they possess the 

 power of ameboid movement, and send forth processes which are either hyaliae 

 or lamellar or granular. The plasma is thickly studded with very refractive 

 granules of a yellowish luster. Several vacuoles for fluid, among them one 

 pulsating, are generally found, and one nucleus. Propagation occurs by 

 gemmation and segmentation. Similar structures were found by Lauenstein 

 and Behla in the ascitic fluid of patients with carcinoma. It is still unde- 

 cided whether the Leydenia gemmipara Schaudinn, 1896, has any relation 

 to carcinoma. 



The second class of the protozoa, the sporozoa, includes parasites which 

 have also been discussed by the above-mentioned authors, such as the eoccidium 

 oviforme, Leuckart, 1879, the eoccidium perforans, Leuckart, 1879, and the 

 eoccidium bigemimum, Stiles, 1891. These parasites are rarely found in man, 

 it is true, but, when present, they cause obstinate intestinal catarrhs which are 

 difficult to cure. Undoubted cases of coccidiosis of the kidneys and of the 

 ureters have also been described by Lindemann, Bland-Sutton, and Targeff. 

 In the case reported by Clarke numerous small, greenish-brown cysts contain- 

 ing the parasites in varying sizes were found in the renal pelvis, in the ureters, 

 and in the bladder. 



Miescher's or Eainey's tubes, which became knovm from the microscopical 

 examination of pork, are of no pathogenic significance and are only rarely 

 found in man. Apart from the doubtful cases of Lindemann and Rosenberg, 

 such structures have been found in man only by Kartulis in the muscles of 

 the abdomen, and by Baraban and Saint-Remy in the muscles of the larynx. 



The most important group of the sporozoa are the hemosporidia which 

 include, as is well known, the malarial parasites of man. The highly interest- 

 ing history of the development of these parasites, and also the pathological con- 

 dition produced by them, have been exhaustively discussed in the chapter on 

 Malaria (which see in volume " Infectious Diseases "). 



In concluding this study of the sporozoa, I desire to mention that in the 

 future we may possibly be able to attribute other parasitic affections of man to 

 the parasitic nature of the protozoa. Some well-known authors assume that 

 the pathogenic germs of carcinoma, sarcoma, scarlatina, measles, smallpox, per- 

 tussis, etc., are represented by certain protozoa yet to be found or to be inves- 

 tigated. Unfortunately, the researches undertaken up to the present have not 

 led to a positive, indisputable result. 



The third class of the protozoa embraces the infusoria, which are structures 



