564 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



chronic catarrh. In the duodenum, but especially in the jejunum and the 

 upper portion of the ileum, there are numerous small punctiform ecchymoses. 

 If the necropsy is carefully conducted, an extraordinary number of red-stained 

 ankylostoma are occasionally found. These ankylostoma have gained en- 

 trance into the mucosa, and cannot be removed without a certain amount of 

 force. At the point of adherence the mucosa reveals ecchymosed red plaques 

 of a punctated, dappled appearance which vary in size from a iive-cent piece 

 to a half-dollar. It is more difficult, as a rule, to find the males than the 

 females, because the former have a more delicate structure, and are therefore 

 less noticeable in the mucus. The mesenteric glands are sometimes enlarged. 

 Masius and Frangotte found that the bone-marrow of the long tubular bones 

 was grayish red; occasionally it is rich in fat and is, therefore, more yellow. 

 Numerous medullary cells and nucleated red corpuscles are found upon micro- 

 scopic examination. 



Secondarily other entozoa have been found: Among them anguillula in- 

 testinalis and stercoralis ascaris lumbricoides, oxyuris vermicularis and tenia 

 saginata. 



The aim of prophylaxis is, first, to prevent the entrance of the parasite 

 into regions not yet affected, and, secondly, to limit its spread in the infected 

 areas. To attain the first object, in the future no workmen should be em- 

 ployed in brickyards, in mines, in tunnels, and other earthworks until their 

 state of health has been carefully investigated, and their feces microscopically 

 examined for the presence of ankylostoma ova. Furthermore, the workmen 

 should be taught that if necessary care is exercised in constructing privies 

 the contamination of working places with infected dejecta from an accumula- 

 tion of feces can be entirely prevented. Those who know the habits of labor- 

 ers and their carelessness as to where they discharge their feces, will under- 

 stand that even most stringent hygienic rules will be imperfectly carried out. 

 The best prophylaxis, therefore, consists in employing only healthy workmen, 

 i. e., those not infected with ankylostomiasis. 



If ankylostomiasis has been diagnosticated by examination of the feces, 

 the patient must enter the hospital, and undergo treatment for the expulsion 

 of the parasite. Leiehtenstern, who has probably had the largest experience 

 in Germany in the treatment of ankylostomiasis, advises the administration, 

 without preliminary treatment, of the ethereal extract of felix mas which he 

 gives in a dose of ten grams. The drug is given after breakfast. From one 

 to two hours later a suitable dose of castor oil is administered to the patient. 

 The entozoa voided with the dejecta will have been killed. If, in the course 

 of a few days, ankylostoma ova are still found in the feces, the same treatment 

 must be repeated, a second or even a third time, until the ova are no longer 

 detected in the feces. Bozzola advises thymol (2 to 10 grams per day) ; other 

 authors also look upon this drug as a useful anthelmintic. It is evident that, 

 on acccount of the extreme anemia, a symptomatic treatment for this condition 

 must in many cases be employed during convalescence. 



v. Linstow recently described a representative of the genus physaloptera, 

 physaloptera caucasica n. spr., as a parasite of man. This was found by v. 

 Lmstow in the previously mentioned helminthic collection. 



