CHERMES OF MAINE CONIFERS. 285 



such a gall from that of abietis each cell of which contains not 

 "an" but many individuals. A single gall of pinifoliae not 

 under average size which I dissected was found to be com- 

 posed of 139 scale-like leaves under each of which was a 

 single pupa. 



The gall when young is slender, about the same length as 

 the young cone and often about the same purple color. Fig. 



129 shows a black spruce twig with a single young cone at A, 

 the tip of which is unfortunately broken ; at B are four normal 

 spruce tips; at C are four young galls of pinifoliae. This pho- 

 tograph shows very well the distinguishing feature of these 

 three growths, the normal shoot, the modified shoot or Chermes 

 gall, and the normal cone. 



Fig. 128 shows a fully developed gall which at this stage 

 is green. After the galls lose their first purple color they remain 

 green until the time of the emergence of the migrants. Fig. 



130 shows the normal cone at A which at this stage is 

 purple, at B the normal shoot which is green, at C the deserted 

 gall which is bright reddish brown. After the gall is deserted 

 the gall leaves flare out from the stem, leaving the chambers 

 open wide. About this time the gall becomes a bright reddish 

 brown, that is the galled terminal shoot dies in this character- 

 istic way. 



Pupa. The full grown pupa (June 14) is dark reddish brown 

 with thorax somewhat lighter than head and abdomen. Legs 

 and antennae dusky. Body lightly threaded with short wax 

 fibers, giving body a downy appearance. 



Winged Female. Fig. 108. The newly molted migrant, before 

 the wings are expanded, is glistening reddish brown with pel- 

 lucid legs and antennae. The crumpled wings are distinctly 

 yellow. The wings when expanded are smoky, the stigmal 

 region is yellowish or reddish brown. The migrant by the 

 time it has reached the pine needles is very dark, with "its 

 abdomen dusky red and slightly covered with fine cottony 

 down." The antennae and legs are dark. In size these migrants 

 vary greatly as indeed do all the Chermes listed in this paper. 

 The total length of body of this form ranged from 1.7 mm. to 

 2.9 mm. (.066 in. to .11 in.) the latter measurement being for 

 the larger individuals with their abdomens fully extended. The 

 wing expanse varies also, the average being about 8 mm. There 



