GYPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 29 



There is ample opportunity for two generations of the para- 

 site annually upon the caterpillars of one generation of the 

 gypsy moth. This is the r\ile in the countries to which it is 

 native, and is to he expected in America. 



The parasite was described from Europe more than seventy- 

 five years ago, and has been known to be a parasite of the 

 gypsy moth for a long time. Later it was described under a 

 different name from Japan, and the Japanese parasite was for 

 a time considered to be different from the European. Abso- 

 lutely no differences in life and habit which can serve to sepa- 

 rate the two are known, and, as the adults are also indistinguish- 

 able in appearance, they are considered to be identical. 



It has been the subject of frequent mention under the name 

 of Apanteles, as well as of Glyptapanteles, in the various reports 

 of the superintendent of moth work, from the first to the fourth ; 

 and Dr. Howard, in the account of his first trip to Europe in 

 the interests of parasite introduction, tells of its occurrence in 

 the suburbs of Vienna. Largely on account of the fact that it 

 is much more conspicuous than many of the other parasites, it 

 has attracted more general attention. The Eev. H. A. Loomis, 

 a missionary, and resident of Yokohama, was the first to call 

 attention to its importance in Japan, and made several unsuc- 

 cessful attempts to send it to America. Dr. G. P. Clinton, 

 mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 

 who visited Japan in 1909, observed the parasite at work, and 

 reported most favorably upon its efficiency as a check to the 

 moth. Numerous other attempts on the part of European and 

 Japanese entomologists, including one elaborate experiment, 

 which involved the shipment of a large wire-screened cage con- 

 taining a living tree with gypsy caterpillars and the parasite, 

 were made, but with uniformly ill success. Upon every oc- 

 casion the parasites all emerged from their cocoons and died 



en route. 



When every other means failed, Professor Kincaid, as already 

 stated, was deputed to visit Japan, and to make all necessary 

 arrangements for the transportation of the parasite cocoons m 

 cold storage to America. The arrangements which he perfected 

 provided for continuous cold storage, not only en route across 

 the Pacific, but during practically every moment from the time 



