THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF BRAZIL. 307 



inutility of official or paid colonization, limiting itself to favouring 

 spontaneous colonization with a grant for a limited period, and 

 facilitating emigration or settlement (internagao ou collocagao)." * 

 After entering into particulars of the foreign and home debt, 

 Senhor Carreira states that "The deficit is represented by the 

 general debt of the empire to the amount of 660,366,200 mil- 

 reis ; and paper currency, which is also a debt, to the amount of 

 189,199,591 milreis. No doubt such a debt as 560,000,000 of mil- 

 reis (;^56,ooo,ooo), which presses upon the responsibility of the 

 Treasury, is enough to make one unquiet ; it is money which it is 

 necessary to return to those who lent it under certain conditions, 

 with which it was received. . . . Confiding in the annual increase 

 of the receipts, annulled by the increasing expenditure, the de- 

 faulting Budgets are charged with credits beyond the estimates 

 and extraordinary resources of the Treasury, such as deposits of 

 economic trusts, the money of orphans, and not unfrequently, the 

 pernicious custom of paper currency, and the credit to raise loans 

 either national or foreign. 



* Immigration. The system hitherto pursued by the Minister of Agri- 

 culture appears to have been on the happy-go-lucky style. There is, no 

 doubt, a grand field for immigrants ; but it would, at least, be advisable for the 

 Governments of the various countries who wish to encourage some of their 

 fellow-countrymen in emigrating to Brazil to combine in requiring certain 

 guaranteed legal rights, such as those, for instance, mentioned in the Rio News, 

 of October 5, 1885:— 



" I. The grant of every civil and political right enjoyed by the Brazilians. 

 "II. Full religious liberty. 

 " III. Local government, uniform taxation, and exemption from the unjust 



competition of slave-labour. 

 " IV. A definite system of land surveys, unrestricted choice in selection of 

 lands, low prices, registry of titles, abolition of six per cent, tax on 

 transfers, and full legal protection of all property rights. 

 " V. Abohtion of export taxes, and a uniform tax on land. 

 "VI. A reduction in the transportation rates, together with a public highway 

 system, to facilitate the profitable marketing of agricultural products. 

 "VII. An effective public school system. 



" Let it be once known among the emigrating people of Europe that there are 

 good homes to be procured in Brazil on easy terms, that their lives and 

 property here are secure against any and all usurpation, that a livelihood 

 here is easily obtained, and that their children will have all the oppor- 

 tunities for education and advancement that can be found in any other 

 new country, let this be known, and they will come of their own accord." 



