45. COMPOSITE. 163 
31. Carpvuvus. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous 
pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com- 
pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola. 
Pappus long, pilose or plumose, united into a ring at the base 
and deciduous.—Includes Cnicus Linn. and Cirsium DC. 
***= Panpus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous. 
32. SttyBum. Involucre imbricated; scales leaflike at the base, 
narrowed into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle 
scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a 
papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base, 
deciduous. 
Suborder III. CICHORIACEA. 
Florets all ligulate and perfect. 
* Pappus 0. Receptacle without scales. 
33. Lapsana. Heads 8—12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row, 
erect, with 4—5 short bracts at their base. Fr. compressed, 
striated, deciduous, not enveloped in the scales of the invo- 
luere. 
** Pappus like a crown or of many entire broad scales. Recep- 
tacle without scales. 
34. ArNosERIS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. m 1 row, 
about 12, keeled, linear-lanceolate, at length converging, a 
few small bracts at their base. T'r. angular crowned with a 
short elevated entire margin. 
35. Cichortum. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 2 rows; 
outer of about 5 lax shortish ; inner of 8—10 longer, con- 
verging, at length reflered. Receptacle sometimes slightly 
pilose. Fr. obovate compressed striated. Pappus of 2 rows 
of minute erect chaffy scales. 
*« Panpus feathery. Receptacle scaly. 
36. Hypocua#ris. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. oblong, 
imbricated. Fr. glabrous, muricated, often beaked. Pappus 
in 2 rows, outer short and setaceous, immer long and fea- 
thery ; or in one row and feathery. 
*e* Pannus feathery, or on the exterior fruits scaly. Receptacle 
without scales. 
37. Turincia. Involucre oblong. Phyll. in 1 row, with a 
few additional at the base. Receptacle punctured. Fr. 
beaked. Pappus in 2 rows; outer setaceous, deciduous ; 
