180 45. COMPOSIT#. 
Section 2. SERRATULEA:. Heads many-flowered ; florets 
all tubular, hermaphrodite or dicecious, the external row sometimes 
female. Involucre of many rows of distinct phyllaries. Filaments 
distinct. Pappus in many rows of different lengths, inner row 
longest, pilose or plumose, surrounded by a margin. 
28. SERRATULA Linn. 
1. S. tinetoria (L.); 1. with bristly serratures pinnatifid some- 
what lyrate, heads oblong corymbose, ovate adpressed, inner 
ones linear coloured.—E. B. 38. St. 3. 16.—St. 2—3 feet high, 
straight, erect, angular, branched above. L. variously pinnatifid 
or lyrate, rarely entire. Florets purple.—Groves and thickets. 
P. VIU. Saw-wort.* E. 
Section 3. CENTAUREA. Heads many-flowered, discoidal, 
outer row of florets usually barren enlarged and irregular. Phyl- 
laries m many rows. Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows 
of different lengths, second row longest, setaceo-pilose, placed 
within the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely 0, 
29. CenTraurea Linn. 
* Phyll. with a scarious pectinated not decurrent appendage. 
[l. C. Jacea (L.); involucral appendages torn the outer ones 
pinnatifid quite covering the imv., heads radiant, pappus 0, 1. 
linear-lanceolate lower ones broader and toothed.—E. B. 1678. 
—Lower 1. ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed. Involucre pale 
brown, few outermost phyll. with appendages deeply jagged m a 
pinnatifid manner, few innermost entire, the rest irregularly 
jagged. I have seen no native specimens.—Very rare. Sussex. 
Borrer. Angusshire and Belfast. Hooker. P. VIII. IX.] 
2. C. nigra (L.); involucral appendages erect ovate-uttenuate 
pectinated quite covering the inv., teeth divaricated capillary 
twice as long as the breadth of the appendage, pappus very short 
tufted —E. B.278.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect, slender. L. linear 
or lanceolate, lower 1. broader incise-sinuate or laciniate or entire. 
Phyll. light brown or yellow, appendages dark, of the outermost 
smaller and narrower than the others; of the innermost roundish, 
dark brown, membranous, jagged but not pectinated ; all con- 
tracted just below the appendage; the upper ones crowded. 
Heads not radiant, florets all fertile purple or rarely white.— 
B. radiata; outer row of florets barren and radiant.—Meadows 
and pastures. P. VIET. IX. Black Knapweed. 
3. C. nigrescens (“ Willd.,” Koch); involucral appendages 
erect ovate pectinated about 3 innermost rows separated from the 
rest and exposing the phyll., teeth capillary scarcely longer than 
the breadth of the appendage, pappus almost wanting, |. lanceo- 
