CENTAUREA. 181 
late denticulate, lower 1. ovate lanceolate entire sinuate-dentate 
or lyrate-sinuate.—Resembles C. nigra but, I think, distinct. 
St. decumbent below, stouter than in No. 2, more leafy. Phyll. 
Vos appendages dark, of the outermost small, of succeeding rows 
roader and broader, of about the 3 innermost rows roundish and 
jagged irregularly. Heads large, usually radiant.—Meadows and 
pastures in the West of England. P. VI.—IX. E. 
** Phyllaries lanceolate, their upper half with a somewhat sca- 
rious deeply toothed or fringed decurrent margin. 
4. C. Cyanus (L.); phyll. erect adpressed deeply toothed, 
pappus as long as the fruit, J. linear-lanceolate, the lowermost 
toothed or pinnatifid.—£. B. 277.—St. 1—3 feet high, loosely 
cottony, leafy. LL. slightly cottony above, densely beneath. In- 
volucre greenish-yellow, phyll. often tinged with purple in their 
upper half, margins brown decurrent with whitish teeth. Heads 
with large radiant blue flowers, disk purple—Corn-fields. A. VI. 
—VIII. Corn Bluebottle. 
5. C. Scabiosa (L.); phyll. erect adpressed, the triangular- 
ovate black pectinated appendages not covering the inv., teeth 
ascending setaceous short, pappus as long as the fruit, 2. pinna- 
tifid roughish, segments lobed with callous points.—£. B. 56.— 
St. 2—3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. hispid, lobes of the 
upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. Invo- 
lucres usually rather woolly ; scales pale, with dark acute mem- 
branous pectinated decurrent appendages ; teeth paler, short, not 
longer than 4 the width of the scale. Florets purple, outer row 
radiant or 0.—In a plant from “ Carmouctie, Fife,” the inv. is 
quite covered by the appendages, not showing any of the pale por- 
tion. It may be C. kotschyana Koch.—Fields and hedges. P. VII. 
—IX. Great Knapweed. 
*&* Phyll. horny at the end, spines palmate or pinnate. 
*6. C. solstitialis (L.); phyll. woolly palmately spinous, central 
spine of the intermediate ones very long needle-shaped, inner 
ones with a roundish scarious appendage, heads terminal solitary, 
st. winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-lanceolate entire 
hoary leaves, root-l. lyrate—E. B. 243.—St. 1—2 feet_high, 
branched, spreading. Involucres sometimes glabrous. Florets 
yellow.—Cultivated land, probably introduced. A. VII.—IX. 
‘Yellow Star-thistle. E. 
7. C. Calcitrapa (L.); phyll. glabrous palmately spinous, cen- 
tral spine strong channeled, innermost phyll. with a scarious 
obtuse appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, pappus obsolete, 
1. deeply pinnatifid, lobes of the root-l. lanceolate toothed, of the 
stem-l. linear. —E. B.125.—St. furrowed, slightly hairy, branched, 
