320 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 



transplanted for a sufficiently long period to admit of their 

 having acquired better vascular connections. 



Halban ^ found that the uterus and mammary glands of 

 guinea-pigs from which the ovaries had been removed shortly 

 after birth, remained undeveloped ; but, if the ovaries were 

 removed from the normal position and grafted underneath 

 the skin, the other generative organs developed normally. 



Limon,^ working upon rabbits, grafted ovaries beneath the 

 muscle layers of the abdominal wall and on to the peritoneum 

 of the same individuals. The follicles showed a tendency to 

 degenerate, but the interstitial cells, after a short period of 

 starvation, subsequently recuperate^ and acquired a con- 

 dition of perfect vitahty. Limon states that he found no sign 

 of atrophy in the uterus after the transplantation of the ovaries 

 to an abnormal position. 



Carmichael ^ has recorded some success from experiments in 



^ Halban, " Ueber den Einfluss der Ovarien auf die Entwickelung des 

 Genitales," Monatschr.f, Oeburtsh. u. Oyndk., vol. xii., 1900. 



' Limon, " Observations sur I'^tat de la Glande Interstitielle dans les 

 Ovaries Transplantds," Jour, de Phys, et de Path. Qen., vol. xvi., 1904. 



' Carmichael, "The Possibilities of Ovarian Grafting in the Human 

 Subject," &c., Joii/r. of Obstet. and Qyncec., March, 1907. Ovarian trans- 

 plantation in different species of animals has also been carried out by 

 Herlitzka ("Reoherohes sur la Transplantation des Ovsxies" Arch. Ital. de 

 Biol., vol. xxxiv., 1900), Fob, (" La GrafEe des Ovaries en Relation avecQuelques 

 Questions de Biologie," Arch. Ital. de Biol., vol. xxxiv., 1900), Schultz 

 (" Transplantation der Ovarien auf Mannliche Tiere," Central, f. All. Path. u. 

 Path. Anat., vol. xi., 1900), Guthrie (" Successful Ovarian Transplantation 

 in Fowls," Intemat. Congress of Phys., Heidelberg, 1907, Abstract in Zeit. 

 f. Phys., vol. xxi., 1907 ; " Further Results of Transplantation of Ovaries in 

 Chickens," Jour, of Exp. Zool , vol. v. , 1908). Schultz and other investigators, 

 without reference to the ovarian secretion theory, grafted the ovaries of 

 guinea-pigs on to the bodies of males and recorded some success. Herlitzka 

 also grafted the ovaries of guinea-pigs on to other individuals (heteroplastic 

 transplantion), some females and some males. Only one experiment was at all 

 successful, the ovary being transplanted on to a female. Fob, was successful 

 with several heteroplastic grafts in rabbits,, and even succeeded in inducing 

 pregnancy in an animal with a transplanted ovary. Guthrie's experiments 

 were upon fowls. He states that the ova in the heteroplastically transplanted 

 ovaries were influenced by the " foster mother" (i.e. the birds into whom they 

 were grafted), since the oilspring which resulted from fertilising these ova par- 

 took of some of the foster-mother's characters. For a few further references 

 see Marshall and Jolly, " Results of Removal and Transplantation of Ovaries," 

 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv., 1907, and " Heteroplastic Transplantation," 

 &c., Quar. Jour. Exp. Phys., vol. i., 1908 ; and Sauv^, Les Qreffes Ovariennes, 

 Paris, 1909. 



