NATURE, HISTORY, AND ETHICS 427 



and values in monistic works, we have no longer 

 monism before us, but dualism — dualism, in fact, of 

 the most positive character. We cannot recognise 

 two systems as equally valid ; we must leave only one 

 standing. But we destroy it when we turn to the 

 second, even though we demand that it shall be based 

 on the first. 



There is one further point. 



Not only has empirical science, which recognises 

 no values, no right to deny worth and the sense of 

 life generally, but it is itself subordinate to the sciences 

 that endeavour to determine values. Before it begins 

 its work some standard of value has to determine 

 whether its procedure is to have any meaning. This 

 standard is the value of truth. Knowledge of the 

 world must be of value to a man before he applies 

 himself to the empirical sciences that help him to 

 attain it. And the methods of acquiring this know- 

 ledge, which disregard all values, must have a value 

 for him. 



Thus all science presupposes a will to attain the 

 truth, a will to reach the goal of knowledge. Over 

 the portals of every science are inscribed the words : 



Thou Shalt. 



We have now reached the end. 



These last considerations have shown us that we 

 are justified in believing in a sense of life, and that 

 there must be duties, since the idea of duty precedes 

 all knowledge. 



