P L YZ A 



POLYZOA is the name applied by J. Vaugtan Thompson 

 inl730 (1)^ to a group of minute polyp-like organisms 

 which were subsequently (1834) termed "Bryozoa" by 

 Ehrenberg (2). The forms included in this group were 

 stated by Thompson to be "in a general way the whole 

 of the Flustraceae, in many of which I have clearly ascer- 

 tained the animals to be Polyzose," they having been pre- 

 viously considered by zoologists to be allied to the Hydra- 

 like polyps. These organisms had previously been known 

 by the hard corneous " cells " or chambers which are formed 

 by the animals on the surface of their bodies, and build up, 



in consequence of the formation of dense colonies by bud- 

 ding, complex aggregates known as "sea mats" and "sea 

 mosses." Thompson expressly stated the opinion that the 

 organization of the animals detected by him led to the 

 conclusion that " they must be considered as a new type of 

 the MoUusca Acephala." 



Subsequently (1844) Henri Milne-Edwards (3) pointed 

 out the relationship of Thompson's Polyzoa to the Brachio- 

 poda, and, adopting the latter's view as to their Molluscan 

 affinities, proposed to unite these two classes with the 

 Tunicata in a group to be called " Molluscoidea." Kecent 



Fig. 1a. — Fonns connecting the Eupolyioa and the Gephyriea. 



1. PAoroMTS o«s(mh's, Haswell. . . ., „ ^ . . ,. , ,., j. 



2 Oneof the two nephvidia of the same! ca:<, external aperture ; m(, mf, the two internal funnel-like apertuies. ix . i .. 



Z View of the tentacular area of Phormis australis—fhe tentacles cut to their bases, ot, outer line of tentacles ; it, inner line of tentacles ; m, mouth ; 



ep, epistome ; x, gap in the inner series of tentacles ; neph, nephridio-pores ; an, anus ; gl, glandular pit. 



(AfteT Benham, Quart. Jo'um.lficr. Sci., vol. SO, ISS9.) ........ i .., , 



4 Bolfingia M'Intoshii, Lankester. Specimen in which the introvert is telescoped into the body, a, the sclerorhynchus, which with t, the scleropyge, 



represents the hard zooecium of Enpolyzoa ; c, anus. ,,,.., .. . .. ^ ^ ,..■». 4 i 



5 View of the same in an expanded condition, a, sclerorhynchus ; b, scleropyge ; d, the soft introvert carrying mouth, suiTOunded by six pinnate tentacles. 



(After Lankester, TraTU. Linn. Soc, 2nd ser., "Zoology," vol. ii., 1885.) 

 6. AspidosSphon Sleenstnipii, DiesiDg. o, anterior corneous plate ; 6, terminal posterior plate; d, introvert. 

 (After Selenlia, Die Sipunculiden, 1883.) 



researches have entirely separated the Tunicata from this 

 association, and have demonstrated that they belong to 

 the great phylum of Vertebrata. On the other hand, the 

 association of the Polyzoa with the Brachiopoda appears 

 at present to be confirmed, though the relationship of 

 these two classes to the MoUusca has been shown to rest 

 ~i These mimlDers refer to the tibliography which wiU l)e found in 

 page 171. 



on mistaken identification of parts; see, however, Harmer 

 (18). 



The Polyzoa appear to be related to the Sipunculoid 

 Gephyrsean worms (Gephyrsea inermia) more nearly than 

 to any other class of the animal kingdom. The study and 

 interpretation of the facts of their ontogeny (growth from 

 the egg) presents such extreme difficulty that in the pre- 

 sent state of our knowledge it is necessary to regard them 



